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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

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For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026

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For the transition period from ___ to ___

Commission file number 001-35023

iBio, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (979) 446-0027

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:     None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.        Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.                  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.    ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).            Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $57,512,678 as of December 31, 2025, based upon the closing sale price of $1.93 per share reported as of December 31, 2025.

There were 64,307,256 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding as of August 27, 2026.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

Certain portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement to be used in connection with the Registrant’s 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K

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IBIO, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026 (this “Annual Report”) to “iBio,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms mean iBio, Inc.

Certain statements in this Annual Report, including, without limitation, statements under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” include forward-looking statements as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”) or in releases made by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), all as may be amended from time to time. These cautionary statements are being made pursuant to the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the PSLRA with the intention of obtaining the benefits of the “safe harbor” provisions of such laws. All statements contained in this Annual Report, other than statements that are purely historical, are forward-looking statements. Forward looking-statements can be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking language, such as the words “plans,” “intends,” “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “potential,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “seeks,” or “scheduled to,” or other similar words, the negative of these terms, other variations of these terms or comparable language, or by discussion of strategy or intentions. Forward-looking statements are based upon management’s present expectations, objectives, anticipations, plans, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future and are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, events or developments to be materially different from those indicated in such forward-looking statements, including the risks and uncertainties set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report and in other securities filings by the Company. These risks and uncertainties should be considered carefully, and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. As such, no assurance can be given that the future results covered by the forward-looking statements will be achieved. All information in this Annual Report is as of June 30, 2026, unless otherwise indicated. The Company does not intend to update this information to reflect events after the date of this Annual Report.

Copies of this Annual Report, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and our other reports filed with the SEC can be obtained free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC on our website at http://www.ibioinc.com/ or directly from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov/. Our website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

iBio, Inc. (also referred to as “we”, “us”, “our”, “iBio”, or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company leveraging the power of Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) for the development of hard-to-drug precision antibodies for obesity, cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary diseases. Our core mission is to harness the potential of AI and machine learning (“ML”) to unveil novel biologics which other scientists have been unable to develop. Through our innovative AI Drug Discovery Platform, we have been able to identify differentiated molecules aimed at addressing unmet needs by current approved therapies.  

We believe the future treatment for obesity lies not just in overall weight loss, but in the quality, durability, and tolerability of weight loss. Current interventional therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (“GLP-1”) receptor agonists have ushered in a breakthrough era, yet challenges remain: muscle loss, fat regain after treatment cessation, and long-term tolerability. We are developing next-generation therapies designed with the goal of meeting these unmet needs, by leveraging AI-guided antibody design, advanced screening technologies and deep expertise in biologics development. 

Our strategy is built on multiple key principles. First, we aim to develop next-generation antibody therapeutics addressing limitations of currently approved treatments, offering options with the potential to preserve muscle mass, target fat selectively, and provide durable weight loss with improved tolerability. Second, we are prioritizing targets with strong human genetic and clinical validation, which we believe both reduces translational risk and increases the likelihood of clinical success. Third, we are evaluating opportunities in adjacent obesity-related indications, including cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary conditions such as pulmonary hypertension due to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (“PH-HFpEF”).  Lastly, we are applying our integrated AI Drug Discovery Platform and deep scientific expertise to rapidly generate and advance development-ready biologics, enabling us to move with speed and precision in a competitive and fast-evolving field.

Obesity is associated with a broad range of cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary complications, therefore, we are also evaluating selected adjacent indications where our AI Drug Discovery Platform and target biology may offer differentiated therapeutic opportunities. IBIO-600 is currently in clinical development, while our other product candidates are in preclinical development. We have not completed any clinical trials in humans for any therapeutic protein product candidate produced using our technology, and there is a risk that we will be unsuccessful in developing or commercializing any product candidates.

Following Clinical Trial Notification (“CTN”) acknowledgement from Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration (“TGA”) and ethics approval from a Human Research Ethics Committee (“HREC”), we initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 in Australia and dosed the first participant in June 2026, marking our transition to a clinical-stage company and represented the first molecule generated using our AI Drug Discovery Platform to advance into clinical development. To date, we have enrolled 31 participants in the first four cohorts of the Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 in Australia. In parallel, we have accelerated the development of IBIO-610, a potentially first-in-class, long-acting antibody designed to inhibit Activin E, and anticipate commencing first-in-human clinical trials in the first half of calendar year 2027. We are also advancing additional preclinical programs, including IBIO-800, a myostatin × Activin A bispecific antibody being evaluated for potential use in PH-HFpEF.

Our discovery and development work is conducted at our San Diego research and development (“R&D”) laboratory space, where our AI and ML scientists and biopharma researchers operate side by side. This close integration of disciplines enables rapid iteration between AI-enabled design and translational validation, compressing the timeline from hypothesis to clinic. With our robust platform, focused clinical and preclinical pipeline, and growing scientific and leadership team, we are building a durable and differentiated position in obesity therapeutics—one designed to outlast the first wave and define what comes next.

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Key Achievements in Fiscal Year 2026 and Q1 of Fiscal Year 2027

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Progress on Obesity and Cardiometabolic Pipeline

Financial Stability

Strengthened our Board of Directors and Senior Leadership Team

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Recent Developments

AstralBio Amylin License

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On August 27, 2026, we entered into an exclusive license agreement related to Amylin (the “Amylin License Agreement”) with AstralBio, Inc. (“AstralBio”), pursuant to which AstralBio has licensed to us, on a worldwide exclusive basis and with the right to grant sublicenses, under the AstralBio Licensed Patents (as defined in the Amylin License Agreement) and AstralBio Licensed Know-How (as defined in the Amylin License Agreement) the right to Develop, Manufacture and Commercialize and otherwise exploit any product directed to Amylin that contains the licensed antibody targeting Amylin, for research, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or management of any disease or medical condition worldwide (the “Amylin Licensed Product”). All capitalized terms herein have the definitions assigned to them in the Amylin License Agreement unless otherwise defined herein.

We are solely responsible for all decisions related to the launch, sales and marketing and promotion of Amylin Licensed Product in our discretion, subject to the terms of the Amylin License Agreement, and for all costs for all activities related to, the Development, Manufacture and Commercialization of the Amylin Licensed Product worldwide. In consideration for the rights and licenses granted by AstralBio to us in the Amylin License Agreement, we agreed to pay AstralBio (i) an upfront license fee in the amount of $750,000 within thirty days after the effective date of the Amylin License Agreement, and (ii) upon the occurrence of specified developmental and commercial milestones, including net sales, milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $28 million, which can be paid by cash or, provided we remain listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) or another national stock exchange at the time of the payment, by issuing shares of our Common Stock, subject to approval of the issuance of any such shares by Nasdaq, and provided, however, in no event shall we issue to AstralBio pursuant to the Amylin License Agreement shares of our Common Stock resulting in AstralBio owning more than 19.9% of the total number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding as of the date of entering into the Amylin License Agreement. In the event we sublicense an Amylin Licensed Product or a product that includes an Amylin Licensed Product, we will pay AstralBio a sublicense fee, which fee is a range of a low to mid-single-digit percentage based on the proceeds of the sublicense fees to a third party.

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The Amylin License Agreement will remain in effect at all times and thereafter, unless and until terminated earlier pursuant to the Amylin License Agreement. The Amylin License Agreement can be terminated (i) by the Company for any reason or no reason upon 45 days’ written notice to AstralBio; (ii) by either party upon written notice to the other party if the other party materially breaches the Amylin License Agreement and such breach is not cured to the reasonable satisfaction of the non-breaching party within 90 days of receipt of such written notice, subject to certain exceptions; (iii) by either party upon certain bankruptcy or insolvency events of the other party; and (iv) by either party if the other party or any sublicensee challenges the patentability, enforceability or validity of any claim related to any Patent or the secret and substantial nature of any Know-How, such Patent and/or Know-How being licensed to the party making the challenge, subject to certain exceptions as set forth in the Amylin License Agreement.

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Strategy

We are developing next-generation antibody medicines for obesity and its cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary complications. One of the most important advances in modern obesity treatment has been the emergence of GLP-1 receptor agonists and other incretin-based therapies. These drugs have transformed the field by enabling weight loss that, in some cases, rivals the effects of invasive bariatric surgery. But as physicians and patients gain real-world experience, it’s becoming increasingly clear first-generation therapies, while groundbreaking, leave important gaps.

Our approach to the evolving needs in obesity treatment is facilitated by our fully integrated antibody discovery platform, designed from the ground up for precision, speed and developability. At the core of our AI Drug Discovery Platform is an AI-enabled epitope steering engine enabling us to precisely direct antibodies to functional hotspots on even the most challenging targets—often considered undruggable. When combined with our antibody optimization platform, which deeply integrates generative AI tools with mammalian display technology, we can progress from concept to development-ready antibody in as little as seven months.

Our strategic approach to fulfilling our mission is outlined as follows:

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In essence, we believe we are sculpting a future where cutting-edge AI-driven biotechnology propels the discovery of intricate biologics, fostering partnerships, accelerating innovation, and propelling the advancement of science.

The current product candidate pipeline is set forth below.

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IBIO-610

Activin E is part of the transforming growth factor-β (“TGF-β”) superfamily and has been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis and overall metabolic health. Human genetic studies provide compelling support for Activin E as a therapeutic target, as individuals carrying loss-of-function variants of the INHBE gene exhibit reduced visceral fat, improved lipid profiles, and lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

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By leveraging our AI Drug Discovery Platform, we believe we have successfully identified the first antibody inhibiting Activin E. Preclinical data from multiple in vitro cell-based assays, including one on a human adipocyte cell line, demonstrated robust blockade of Activin E-mediated signaling. The antibody has been evaluated in multiple pre-clinical studies in a model of diet-induced obesity (“DIO”) in mice, both alone with bi-weekly dosing and in combination with semaglutide dosed daily. These results suggest IBIO-610 may induce fat-selective weight loss.

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In vitro characterization of IBIO-610. Target protein binding measured via SPR. Reporter cell line assay used HEK293 reporter cell line with ALK7 receptor stably integrated. 200pM Activin E used. Differentiated human adipocyte, treated with 100nM Activin E.

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In a DIO mouse model, IBIO-610 was administered biweekly at 10 mg/kg for four weeks to evaluate its effects as a monotherapy. Treated mice were observed to have an 8.9% reduction in body weight compared to baseline and placebo, with body composition analysis revealing a 26% reduction in fat mass and no measurable loss of lean mass. Outlier non-responder mice were excluded.

To test potential combination therapy with incretin treatments, IBIO-610 was dosed biweekly alongside daily semaglutide. While semaglutide alone produced a 27.8% reduction in body weight (baseline and placebo adjusted), the combination resulted in a more pronounced 35.3% weight loss, without any additive effect on food intake. The combination also led to a greater reduction in visceral fat compared to semaglutide alone, suggesting complementary mechanisms that enhance metabolic benefit.

IBIO-610 was also tested as a maintenance therapy following cessation of semaglutide treatment. In this model, DIO mice were first dosed with semaglutide for two weeks, leading to approximately 18% weight loss. Upon stopping semaglutide, control mice regained 71% of the lost weight within three weeks, with fat mass levels returning to those of untreated animals. In contrast, mice receiving IBIO-610 at the time of semaglutide discontinuation regained only 28% of the lost weight and retained significantly lower fat mass at study termination, highlighting the potential of IBIO-610 to prevent rebound weight gain.

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Prevention of weight regain after cessation of GLP-1 treatment in mouse model of obesity by IBIO-600. n=10 per group, IBIO-610 dosed S.C. at 10 mg/kg twice per week. Semaglutide dosed at 10nmol/kg S.C. daily. Organ weights determined via necropsy.

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IBIO-610 was evaluated in a preclinical pharmacokinetic (“PK”) and a body composition study in obese, mature non-human primates (“NHPs”) designed to characterize systemic exposure and assess early signs of activity on fat and body composition. In previously disclosed results from this study, IBIO-610 demonstrated a terminal half-life of approximately 33.2 days in obese NHPs following administration, and based on allometric scaling approaches, we estimated a projected human half-life of up to 100 days, which may support infrequent dosing. In addition, in a small study that was not statistically powered, following two once-every-eight-week doses, treatment with IBIO-610 was associated with 6.7% lower visceral fat and 5.2% lower total fat mass compared with vehicle-treated obese NHPs, with a slight increase in lean mass. These findings are consistent with the fat-selective profile we observed in prior rodent studies. Additionally, obese NHPs treated with a single IV dose of IBIO-610 showed up to a 98% reduction in serum levels of active Activin E.

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In July 2026, we announced new preclinical data from our obese NHP study evaluating IBIO-610. Following a single dose of IBIO-610, active Activin E levels in the blood were reduced in all treated NHPs and remained suppressed through eight weeks. At both weeks 4 and 8, active Activin E levels were reduced to levels below the limits of the assay. Overall, active Activin E was reduced by 98% at week 4 and 97% at week 8 compared with baseline. We believe that these findings support IBIO-610's potential for best-in-class pathway inhibition and further support the potential for an infrequently dosed, long-acting antibody approach. The data also demonstrated IBIO-610's potential to promote fat-selective weight loss while preserving lean mass. In obese NHPs, when combined with semaglutide, IBIO-610 drove greater visceral and total fat loss while reducing lean mass loss by 73% versus semaglutide alone, further supporting its potential as both a stand-alone therapy and a complementary approach to GLP-1-based treatments.

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Following these studies, we initiated CMC and nonclinical toxicology activities to support the advancement of IBIO-610 toward clinical development and we anticipate commencing first-in-human clinical trials in the first half of calendar year 2027.

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IBIO-800: Myostatin x Activin A Bispecific Antibody

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We are developing a bispecific antibody program targeting myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11 (“GDF11”) and Activin A, that we now refer to as IBIO-800. We are evaluating IBIO-800 for potential use in obesity and cardiopulmonary disease, including PH-HFpEF. Leveraging our innovative AI Drug Discovery Platform, IBIO-800 is in late discovery, where multiple parameters, including potency, selectivity, expression, stability and manufacturability, are being optimized. We nominated a development candidate in June 2026 and initiated CMC and nonclinical testing to enable continued progression of this program.

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IBIO-800 is designed to selectively neutralize what we believe are key pathological ligands across multiple aspects of disease biology. Based on our preclinical work, Activin A may contribute to cardiac fibrosis and vascular remodeling, while myostatin and GDF11 may contribute to skeletal muscle dysfunction and reduced functional capacity. In combination, IBIO-800 is designed to reduce cardiac fibrosis, reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling, and improve whole body functional capacity, while avoiding some of the safety considerations associated with broader TGF-β ligand blockade.

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In preclinical in vitro studies, early findings in human muscle progenitor or muscle stem cells suggest our bispecific candidates induced greater differentiation and fusion into mature muscle cells than antibodies targeting myostatin or Activin A alone. In addition, in human cardiac fibroblast studies, growth differentiation factor 8 (“GDF8”), GDF11 and Activin A promoted fibrotic activation and pro-inflammatory or pro-fibrotic gene expression, supporting the biological rationale for combined blockade in cardiopulmonary disease. We are also evaluating the program in vivo in a mouse model designed to assess stress-induced right ventricular remodeling in the setting of obesity and hemodynamic stress. In June 2026, we nominated a development candidate and are initiating CMC and nonclinical testing to enable continued progression of the program.

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IBIO-600

Myostatin, also known as GDF8, is a member of the TGF-β family that regulates and limits skeletal muscle growth. A loss of function in the myostatin gene eliminates this inhibitory effect, leading to increased muscle mass and strength. This genetic alteration results in significant muscle hypertrophy (increased size) and hyperplasia (increased number of

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muscle fibers). While these effects can enhance muscle development, they may also have implications for overall metabolism and cardiovascular health.

In April 2024, as result of the collaboration with AstralBio, Inc. (“AstralBio”) we initiated a program to discover and develop a long-acting anti-myostatin antibody. Using our StableHu platform coupled with mammalian display, we optimized hit antibodies across multiple parameters, including affinity for myostatin, binding to the FcRn receptor, expression levels in mammalian cells, and resistance to poly-reactivity and aggregation. The final candidate, IBIO-600, was also observed to have a beneficial profile between thermostability and resistance to stress conditions during initial testing.

In vitro, IBIO-600 was evaluated in human muscle progenitor cells, where it potently inhibited myostatin. This inhibition facilitated the differentiation of progenitor cells into mature human muscle cells. In interim data from a preclinical study in obese mice, we observed that IBIO-600 dose-dependently prevented lean mass loss when administered in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

In November 2024, we initiated a study in obese and elderly NHPs for IBIO-600. The primary goal of the study was to assess the PK profile of IBIO-600. The study consisted of two dose levels, a low dose of 5 mg/kg and a high dose of 50 mg/kg, with a single subcutaneous injection in each case. In addition to monitoring PK in serum, the study analyzed body composition changes over time by employing DEXA scans, measuring lean and fat mass.

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Serum concentration of IBIO-600 in obese NHPs after a single 5 mg/kg I.V. dose. n=3

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The study consisted of six NHPs, sorted randomly into the low and high dose groups. IBIO-600 promoted an increase in lean mass and a reduction in fat mass from baseline values. Standard PK calculations indicated the half-life of IBIO-600 in NHPs was approximately 52.4 days. By using multiple allometric scaling approaches, we estimated the half-life in humans of IBIO-600 as falling with a range of 57-147 days. IBIO-600 also demonstrated durable body composition effects, including lean mass gains of up to 5.1% with accompanying reductions in fat mass.

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Change in Lean and Fat Mass in obese NHPs treated with a single 5 mg/kg I.V. dose of IBIO-600. N=3 per group. Region of Interest DEXA scan on gluteal and thigh region.

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Following the NHP PK study, we initiated CMC manufacturing and nonclinical toxicology activities to support advancement of IBIO-600 toward clinical development. We have completed good manufacturing practices (“GMP”) manufacturing of an initial batch of drug product being used in our clinical study. Additionally, we have completed 1-month GLP toxicology studies in both rats and NHPs.

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In June 2026, we announced the dosing of the first participant in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human, phase 1 SAD clinical trial. This study is intended to test the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of IBIO-600 in overweight or obese adults, as well as exploratory effects on body composition, with four SAD cohorts currently planned. All four SAD cohorts have been enrolled in this study with 31 participants and each will be monitored for approximately nine months following administration, with study completion expected in second half of 2027. Data from the study will help inform potential future development of IBIO-600. This trial is designed to establish the initial human profile of IBIO-600 and begin generating evidence of its effects on body composition, helping to inform potential future studies in combination with GLP-1-based therapies. We are now preparing to advance IBIO-600 into the MAD portion of the study.  Further, we intend to continue progressing the development of IBIO-600 in obesity, sarcopenia, and other muscle loss disorders.

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Amylin Receptor Agonist Engineered Antibody

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In collaboration with AstralBio, we initiated the development of an antibody agonists targeting the amylin receptor, a potentially highly promising mechanism in obesity treatment. Amylin receptors are closely related, multi-component GPCR complexes, making it challenging to discover antibodies with precisely controlled receptor subtype selectivity and functional activity. To address this challenge, we combined engineered GPCR antigens designed to mimic distinct amylin and calcitonin receptor configurations with our mammalian display-based discovery platform. This approach enables multidimensional antibody selection across properties including receptor subtype specificity, cross-species binding, functional activity and developability. Using these capabilities, we have generated both dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (“DACRA”) antibodies and selective amylin receptor agonist (“SARA”) antibodies designed to activate specific amylin receptor subtypes while avoiding activation of the calcitonin receptor.

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Early preclinical results to date show the promise of the approach. In a proof-of-concept study in DIO mice, an early DACRA-like agonist antibody delivered approximately a ~60% reduction in acute food intake (p<0.05), compared with a 67% reduction observed with a benchmark DACRA peptide. Building on these results, we generated and characterized AMY1-selective, AMY3-selective and dual AMY1/AMY3 agonist antibodies, referred to as SARA antibodies, with distinct in vitro potency and selectivity profiles.

These data support the feasibility of using engineered antibodies to achieve differentiated amylin receptor pharmacology and demonstrate the application of our integrated discovery platform to a complex GPCR target class. The program provides an additional demonstration of our ability to combine engineered antigens with multidimensional mammalian display-based selection to generate functionally differentiated antibody candidates against challenging membrane-protein targets.

AI Discovery Tools

The integration of AI into our drug discovery process accelerates antibody discovery, clone optimization, and technology innovation for preclinical development. By combining our proprietary technology stack with deep biological expertise, we aim to enhance pipeline productivity and increase the probability of success.

Our proprietary technology stack includes (1) Epitope Steering, our patented AI engine directing antibody binding to precisely defined regions of target proteins, increasing selectivity and therapeutic impact, and (2) StableHu, a generative AI tool that rapidly optimizes antibodies for expression, stability, and manufacturability; and mammalian display-based multidimensional screening, enabling simultaneous optimization of affinity, specificity, and developability in a single selection step. Together, these tools power a full stack platform enabling us to go from concept to hit generation within weeks, accelerating the development of potential first-in-class and best-in-class biologics. The EngageTx^TM technology enables us to target bi-specific molecules.

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AI-Technology Platform

Overview

Our AI-powered antibody discovery and development platform integrates complementary technologies designed to improve the discovery, optimization and engineering of antibodies against therapeutically relevant, including hard-to-drug, targets.

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Our AI Drug Discovery Platform can be viewed across three primary stages:

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Discovery. Our Epitope Steering technology uses AI-designed engineered epitopes to direct antibody discovery toward specific regions and conformations of a target protein associated with a desired biological function.  By designing the antigen used in antibody discovery, we can bias selection toward antibodies with specific functional properties, including antibodies intended to achieve complex mechanisms of action such as receptor agonism or selective pathway modulation. These engineered epitopes can be used with our fully human antibody library, which is built on clinically validated human frameworks and designed to provide a diverse starting pool for the identification of functional, developable antibody candidates.

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Optimization. Antibodies identified through our discovery process can be optimized using our StableHu AI technology together with mammalian display. StableHu generates focused human antibody sequence diversity, while mammalian display enables screening based on characteristics such as potency, selectivity, cross-species reactivity and developability. Together, these technologies are designed to improve antibody properties and reduce downstream development risk.

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Therapeutic Engineering. Optimized antibodies can then be incorporated into more advanced therapeutic formats. For example, our EngageTx technology provides a panel of optimized CD3 antibodies that can be paired with tumor-targeting antibodies to generate bispecific T-cell engagers with a range of potencies and other potentially differentiated characteristics.

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These technologies are designed to operate as an integrated platform: Epitope Steering and our antibody library support discovery; StableHu and mammalian display support optimization; and technologies such as EngageTx enable more complex therapeutic formats.

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iBio’s Technology Stack Addresses Several Current Challenges in Antibody Discovery

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AI Epitope Steering Technology

Epitopes—the small binding sites on large target proteins—are a critical factor in generating antibodies with the desired biological effects. Traditional antibody discovery methods often struggle with dominant epitopes that overwhelm screening, obscuring antibodies against more therapeutically valuable sites. These approaches also tend to yield few or no hits against complex, hard-to-drug immunosubdominant epitopes that limits the potential efficacy of the discovered antibodies.

Our Epitope Steering technology directly addresses these limitations by guiding antibody generation toward predefined regions of a target protein. Using AI, we design engineered epitopes—precisely modeled and optimized fragments of the target—to improve structural fidelity, solubility, and stability. These engineered epitopes enable efficient antibody selection from naïve or immunized libraries, significantly increasing discovery success, especially for agonistic or functionally active antibodies.

This approach is broadly applicable across complex protein classes and holds promise in unlocking new targets in in the field of immune-oncology (I/O), but it could also be transformative in various other disease areas such as cardiometabolic, immunology, and pain management. Moreover, it has potential applications in vaccine design, offering new opportunities for disease prevention.

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iBio’s patented epitope steering technology

Naïve Human Antibody Library

The fully human antibody library is built upon clinically validated, entirely human antibody frameworks. By leveraging public databases, we have extracted a diverse array of Complementarity-Determining Region (CDR) sequences. Subsequently, we have meticulously eliminated a range of sequence liabilities. Such careful curation process could potentially significantly reduce the development risk for antibodies identified from our library.

StableHu AI Antibody-Optimizing Technology

Antibody optimization is a pivotal step in the development of therapeutic antibodies. It refines an antibody's properties to enhance its efficacy, safety, and manufacturability. This process includes humanization, which alters non-human antibodies to mimic human antibodies, thereby reducing the risk of immune reactions when used in therapy.

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Our proprietary StableHu technology is instrumental in this optimization process. StableHu is an AI-powered tool designed to predict a library of antibodies with human CDR variants based on an input antibody. This input can range from an early, unoptimized molecule to an approved drug. The model has been trained utilizing a set of over 1 billion human antibodies, by masking known amino acids within CDRs to train the algorithm to predict the human sequences.

While phage display libraries are often used in antibody optimization due to their vast diversity, they can increase developability risks such as low expression, instability, or aggregation of antibodies. Mammalian display libraries, on the other hand, offer significantly improved developability but reduced diversity due to the smaller library size they can handle. StableHu overcomes this limitation by utilizing a machine learning algorithm generating focused library diversity within the capacity of mammalian display.

Mammalian display is a technology that presents antibodies on the surface of mammalian cells, allowing for the direct screening and selection of antibodies in a mammalian cell environment. This approach is advantageous as antibodies that express well on the mammalian cells used in the display are more likely to express well in the production cell line. Moreover, single-cell sorting of antibody-displaying cells allows rapid selection of desired antibodies based on multiple dimensions, such as potency, selectivity, and cross-species selectivity.

When paired with mammalian display technology, StableHu enables antibody optimization with fewer iterative optimization steps, lower immunogenicity risk, and improved developability.

StableHu Antibody Optimization Technology

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EngageTx CD3-Based T-Cell Engager Panel

CD3-based T-cell engagers potentially offer significant clinical benefits in cancer treatment. They have the potential to effectively target and eliminate a wide range of tumor types, including those resistant to other therapies. By recruiting and activating the body's own T-cells to specifically target cancer cells, they can overcome some mechanisms of immune evasion, potentially leading to improved patient outcomes.  However, first-generation T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies often face challenges related to safety and efficacy. They can cause severe side effects, such as cytokine release syndrome due to overactivation of the immune system. Additionally, they may lack specificity, which can lead to off-target effects and damage to healthy tissues. The lack of NHP cross-reactivity also prevents safety assessment in higher species.

To address these limitations, we applied StableHu technology to antibodies derived from an epitope steering campaign and a first-generation T-cell engager. This approach generated a diverse CD3 antibody panel with a wide potency range,

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enabling flexible pairing with various tumor-targeting antibodies. The resulting molecules retained potent tumor-killing activity while significantly reducing cytokine release, potentially lowering the risk of cytokine release syndrome.

StableHu also increased antibody humanness, reducing immunogenicity risk, and introduced NHP cross-reactivity—allowing for robust preclinical safety assessments ahead of clinical trials.

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CD3-Based T-Cell Engager Panel EngageTx

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Programs Available for Partnering Outside the Cardiometabolic Area

There have been notable advances in the field of oncology in recent years, and arguably none more important than the advent of immunotherapies. We have a pipeline of pre-clinical programs with differentiated profiles and potential impact. We are exploring the best path forward for these programs, with a focus on identifying partners who bring complementary capabilities and a shared vision for patient impact.

TROP-2 x CD3 Bispecific

iBio’s lead TROP-2 x CD3 bispecific antibody, developed with our EngageTx platform, is designed to harness T cells to selectively kill TROP-2–expressing tumors while minimizing the cytokine release that often limits the tolerability of T-cell engagers. TROP-2 is highly expressed in a range of solid tumors, including breast, lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. Unlike TROP-2 antibody-drug conjugates that risk damaging healthy cells, our bispecific approach aims to widen the therapeutic window and deliver a durable anti-tumor response. In preclinical studies, our lead molecule demonstrated potent tumor cell killing with a reduced cytokine release profile compared to a first-generation T-cell engager and showed a 36% reduction in tumor size after a single dose in a humanized mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma.

EGFRvIII

Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (“EGFRvIII”) is a tumor-specific variant of the EGFR that is absent from healthy tissues, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. It is most commonly associated with glioblastoma and head and neck cancer, but can also occur in breast, lung, and ovarian cancers. Traditional EGFR-targeted approaches have been limited by off-target effects on healthy cells, whereas our patented AI-enabled epitope steering platform has generated antibodies that selectively recognize a unique epitope on EGFRvIII without binding wildtype EGFR. In preclinical studies, these molecules demonstrated strong binding to EGFRvIII, selective tumor cell killing in vitro while sparing healthy cells, and a 43% reduction in tumor growth in a mouse model of head and neck cancer, supporting their potential as safer, more precise anti-tumor therapies.

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CCR8

G protein–coupled receptors (“GPCRs”) represent one of the most successful therapeutic target classes, but antibody development against them has historically been challenging due to their complex structure. Chemokine receptor 8 (“CCR8”), a GPCR selectively expressed on immunosuppressive Tregs, has emerged as a promising oncology target since depleting tumor-associated Tregs can enhance anti-tumor immunity. Unlike CCR4, which is broadly expressed on immune cells and presents safety risks if targeted, CCR8 provides a more tumor-focused approach. Using our AI-enabled discovery platform, we generated anti-CCR8 antibodies with high specificity, strong binding to CCR8-expressing cells, and potent depletion of primary human Tregs while sparing CCR4. In preclinical studies, our lead CCR8 antibody inhibited tumor growth and produced a 22% reduction in tumor size in a colon cancer mouse model, supporting its potential as a differentiated Treg-targeting immunotherapy.

Modalities

Epitope steering, a technology iBio is pioneering, has the potential to positively impact various areas of medicine. In the field of immuno-oncology, it can be used to develop antibodies targeting specific cancer antigens, potentially enhancing the efficacy of treatments like checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T therapies.

The technology also holds promise in the realm of systemic secreted and cell-surface therapeutics. Here, epitope steering can be applied to the development of antibodies, circulating immune modulation factors, secreted enzymes, and transmembrane proteins. This could be particularly beneficial in treating diseases such as heart failure, infectious diseases, and rare genetic conditions. In the context of localized regenerative therapeutics, epitope steering could potentially be used to develop treatments that target specific damaged or diseased tissues. This approach could be particularly beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Intratumoral immuno-oncology is another area where epitope steering could make a significant impact. It could potentially be used to develop treatments that alter the tumor microenvironment to favor an immune response against tumors, potentially enhancing the efficacy of treatments that use immune-stimulatory proteins.  The potential of epitope steering extends to cancer vaccine development as well. The ability to target specific epitopes could be beneficial in the development of vaccines, particularly those that aim to increase the number and antitumor activity of a patient's T cells. Finally, epitope steering could be used to develop treatments for a wide range of diseases, including those in the immune-oncology space, immunology, pain, and potentially in vaccine development. This is particularly relevant for complex and hard-to-drug protein structures.

Digital Infrastructure

iBio is a firm believer in the transformative power of digital technologies, including robotics, automation, AI, ML, and cloud computing. These technologies are integral to operationalizing our strategy, accelerating our learning curve, and executing at scale. As such, we have made substantial investments in these areas. Our aspiration is to digitize our operations to the greatest extent possible, harnessing the potential of digital technology to maximize our impact on human health. As we continue to grow, we remain committed to further investing in our digital infrastructure to support our ambitious goals.

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Strategic Alliances, Collaborations, and Joint Ventures

We have formed collaborations and strategic alliances to gain access to funding, capabilities, technical resources and intellectual property to further our development efforts, commercialize our technology and to generate revenues, including through the use of our patented epitope-steering AI-engine and our EngageTx platform.

Several agreements with AstralBio

Discovery, Option and License Agreement: On March 27, 2024, we entered into a collaboration with AstralBio to discover and develop novel antibodies for obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases. As part of the collaboration, we granted an exclusive license to our AI-powered technology to identify and engineer four (4) targets for the treatment of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, of which AstralBio may continue the pre-clinical development and deploy its proven drug development expertise to advance candidates to an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application. We have the exclusive option to license three (3) obesity and cardiometabolic targets from AstralBio and will receive the rights to develop,

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manufacture and commercialize those targets upon exercise. In April 2025, we amended our collaboration with AstralBio to add a fifth target for the treatment of cardiometabolic disease. We intend to identify and create an antibody against such target, leveraging our proprietary AI Drug Discovery Platform. In exchange for adding an additional target to the collaboration, AstralBio provided us with a $750,000 credit which we applied toward the option fee for the exclusive license of the novel antibody that inhibits the function of Activin E.

Exclusive License Agreement (Myostatin Target): As a result of this collaboration with AstralBio, on December 31, 2024, we exercised our first option under the collaboration with AstralBio and entered into an exclusive agreement (the “Myostatin License Agreement”) with AstralBio, pursuant to which AstralBio licensed to us, on a worldwide exclusive basis and with the right to grant sublicenses, under the AstralBio Licensed Patents (as defined in the Myostatin License Agreement) and AstralBio Licensed Know-How (as defined in the Myostatin License Agreement) the right to develop, manufacture and commercialize and otherwise exploit any product directed to GDF8 (myostatin) that contains the licensed antibody targeting myostatin, now named IBIO-600, for research, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or management of any disease or medical condition. We are solely responsible for all decisions related to the launch, sales and marketing and promotion of IBIO-600 in our discretion, subject to the terms of the Myostatin License Agreement, and for all costs for all activities related to the development, manufacture and commercialization of IBIO-600 worldwide.  IBIO-600 was identified by AstralBio using our proprietary technology stack and was designed for subcutaneous administration with the potential for an extended half-life.  In parallel, we initiated a bispecific antibody program targeting myostatin/activin A to treat obesity and cardiometabolic disorders, leveraging our proprietary technology stack as well as the technology of IBIO-600.

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In consideration for the rights and licenses granted by AstralBio to us pursuant to the Myostatin License Agreement, we agreed to pay AstralBio (i) an upfront license fee in the amount of $750,000 within thirty days after the effective date of the Myostatin License Agreement, which we paid by issuing AstralBio 246,087 shares of our Common Stock on January 28, 2025 and (ii) upon the occurrence of specified developmental and commercial milestones, milestone payments of up to a total of $28 million, which can be paid by cash or, provided we remain listed on a national stock exchange at the time of the payment, by issuing shares of our Common Stock, subject to approval of the issuance of any such shares by NYSE American or another national stock exchange at the time of the payment, and provided, however, in no event shall we issue to AstralBio pursuant to the Myostatin License Agreement resulting in AstralBio owning more than 19.9% of the total number of shares of our Common Stock as of the date of entering into the Myostatin License Agreement. In the event we sublicense IBIO-600 or a product that includes IBIO-600, we are obligated to pay AstralBio a sublicense fee, which fee is a range of a low to mid-single-digit percentage based on the proceeds of the sublicense fees to a third party.

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Exclusive License Agreement (Activin E): On April 21, 2025, we entered into an exclusive agreement related to Activin E (the “Activin E License Agreement”) with AstralBio, pursuant to which AstralBio has licensed to us, on a worldwide exclusive basis and with the right to grant sublicenses, under the AstralBio Licensed Patents (as defined in the Activin E License Agreement) and AstralBio Licensed Know-How (as defined in the Activin E License Agreement) the right to develop, manufacture and commercialize and otherwise exploit any product directed to Activin E that contains the licensed antibody targeting Activin E, now named IBIO-610, for research, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or management of any disease or medical condition. IBIO-610 was identified by AstralBio using our proprietary technology stack and was designed for subcutaneous administration with the potential for an extended half-life.

We are solely responsible for all decisions related to the launch, sales and marketing and promotion of IBIO-610 in its discretion, subject to the terms of the Activin E License Agreement, and for all costs for all activities related to, the development, manufacture and commercialization of IBIO-610 worldwide. In consideration for the rights and licenses granted by AstralBio to us in the Activin E License Agreement, we agreed to pay AstralBio (i) an upfront license fee in the amount of $750,000 within thirty days after the effective date of the Activin E License Agreement, which we paid by using a one-time credit equal to $750,000 (the “Credit”) provided by AstralBio pursuant to a collaboration us entered into with AstralBio in March 2024 in exchange for us identifying and creating an antibody against an undisclosed exclusive target for AstralBio, and (ii) upon the occurrence of specified developmental and commercial milestones, milestone payments of up to a total of $28 million, which can be paid by cash or, provided we remains listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) or another national stock exchange at the time of the payment, by issuing shares of our Common Stock, subject to approval of the issuance of any such shares by Nasdaq, and provided, however, in no event shall we issue to AstralBio pursuant to the Activin E License Agreement resulting in AstralBio owning more than 19.9% of the total number

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of shares of our Common Stock as of the date of entering into the Activin E License Agreement. In the event we sublicense IBIO-610 or a product that includes IBIO-610, we will pay AstralBio a sublicense fee, which fee is a range of a low to mid-single-digit percentage based on the proceeds of the sublicense fees to a third party.

Exclusive License Agreement (Amylin): On August 27, 2026, we entered into the Amylin License Agreement with AstralBio, pursuant to which AstralBio has licensed to us, on a worldwide exclusive basis and with the right to grant sublicenses, under the AstralBio Licensed Patents (as defined in the Amylin License Agreement) and AstralBio Licensed Know-How (as defined in the Amylin License Agreement) the right to Develop, Manufacture and Commercialize and otherwise exploit an Amylin Licensed Product. All capitalized terms herein have the definitions assigned to them in the Amylin License Agreement unless otherwise defined herein.

We are solely responsible for all decisions related to the launch, sales and marketing and promotion of Amylin Licensed Product in our discretion, subject to the terms of the Amylin License Agreement, and for all costs for all activities related to, the Development, Manufacture and Commercialization of the Amylin Licensed Product worldwide. In consideration for the rights and licenses granted by AstralBio to us in the Amylin License Agreement, we agreed to pay AstralBio (i) an upfront license fee in the amount of $750,000 within thirty days after the effective date of the Amylin License Agreement, and (ii) upon the occurrence of specified developmental and commercial milestones, including net sales, milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $28 million, which can be paid by cash or, provided we remains listed on Nasdaq or another national stock exchange at the time of the payment, by issuing shares of our Common Stock, subject to approval of the issuance of any such shares by Nasdaq, and provided, however, in no event shall we issue to AstralBio pursuant to the Amylin License Agreement shares of our Common Stock resulting in AstralBio owning more than 19.9% of the total number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding as of the date of entering into the Amylin License Agreement. In the event we sublicense an Amylin Licensed Product or a product that includes an Amylin Licensed Product, we will pay AstralBio a sublicense fee, which fee is a range of a low to mid-single-digit percentage based on the proceeds of the sublicense fees to a third party.

Several agreements with RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. (“RubrYc”)

On August 23, 2021, we entered into a series of agreements with RubrYc described in more detail below:

Collaboration and License Agreement: iBio entered into a collaboration and licensing agreement (the “RTX-003 License Agreement”) with RubrYc to further develop RubrYc’s immune-oncology antibodies in its RTX-003 campaign. During the term of the RTX-003 License Agreement, RubrYc granted us an exclusive worldwide sublicensable royalty-bearing license under the patents controlled by RubrYc that cover the RTX-003 antibodies. The RTX-003 License Agreement was terminated when we acquired substantially all of the assets of RubrYc in September 2022, including RubrYc’s immune-oncology antibodies in its RTX-003 campaign.

Collaboration, Option and License Agreement: iBio entered into a collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with RubrYc to collaborate for up to five years to discover and develop novel antibody therapeutics using RubrYc’s artificial intelligence discovery platform. In addition, RubrYc granted us an exclusive option to obtain a worldwide sublicensable commercial license with respect to each of the lead product candidates resulting from such collaboration programs (the “Selected Compounds”). With the exception of any obligations that survive the termination, the Collaboration Agreement was terminated when we acquired substantially all of the assets of RubrYc in September 2022.

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Stock Purchase Agreement: In connection with the entry into the Collaboration Agreement and RTX-003 License Agreement, iBio also entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (“Stock Purchase Agreement”) with RubrYc whereby we purchased 1,909,563 shares of RubrYc’s Series A-2 preferred stock (“Series A-2 Preferred”) for $5,000,000 and acquired an additional 954,782 shares of RubrYc’s Series A-2 Preferred. In connection with the Stock Purchase Agreement, we entered into the RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement (the “Investors’ Rights Agreement”), RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Voting Agreement (the “Voting Agreement”) and the RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale Agreement (the “Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale Agreement”).

The rights, preferences of and privileges of the RubrYc Series A-2 Preferred Stock (“Series A-2 Preferred”) are set forth in the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Amended RubrYc COI”), and include a preferential eight percent (8%) dividend, senior rights on liquidation, the right to elect a Series A-2 Preferred director for as long as we held at least 1,500,000 shares of RubrYc stock, the right to vote on an as-converted basis, certain anti-dilution and other protective provisions, the right to convert the Series A-2 Preferred into shares of RubrYc common stock at our option, and mandatory conversion of the Series A-2 Preferred into shares of RubrYc common stock upon (a) the closing of a firm-commitment underwritten public offering to the public pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, for shares of RubrYc common stock at a per share price of at least five (5) times the Series A-2 Original Issue Price (as defined in the Amended RubrYc COI) and resulting in at least $30,000,000 of gross proceeds to RubrYc or (b) such other date, time or event, specified by vote or written consent of the majority of the aggregate voting power, on an as-converted basis, of the RubrYc Series A preferred stock (“Series A Preferred” and together with the Series A-2 Preferred, the “Senior Preferred Stock”) and Series A-2 Preferred. The Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale Agreement gives RubrYc the right of first refusal on stock sales by key holders, generally defined as founders, and a second right of first refusal and a co-sale right to specified other investors, including certain holders of Senior Preferred Stock and iBio.

The Investors’ Rights Agreement provides the holders of Senior Preferred Stock with, among things: (i) demand registration rights, under specified circumstances; (ii) piggyback registration rights in the event of a company registered offering; (iii) lock-up and market-standoff obligations following a registered underwritten public offering; (iv) preemptive rights on company offered securities; and (v) additional protective covenants that require the approval at least two of the three directors elected by the holders of the Senior Preferred Stock.

Pursuant to the Voting Agreement, certain RubrYc stockholders are contractually obligated to, among other things, vote for and maintain the authorized number of directors at five members, one of which we have the contractual right to elect subject to the conditions set forth above.

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Asset Purchase Agreement: On September 19, 2022, we purchased substantially all of the assets of RubrYc, including the AI Drug Discovery Platform, RTX-003 (IBIO-101), all Selected Compounds, three additional immune-oncology candidates, a PD-1 agonist, in addition to laboratory and technology equipment pursuant to an asset purchase agreement, dated September 16, 2022 (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”). On September 19, 2022, in connection with the closing of the acquisition, we entered into a termination agreement (the “Termination Agreement”) with RubrYc in order terminate the RTX-003 License Agreement and the Collaboration Agreement, which terminated any and all future milestone payments or royalty obligations we had under those agreements. Under the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, upon closing of the acquisition, we made an upfront payment of approximately $1,000,000 by issuing 5,117 shares of our Common Stock to RubrYc. RubrYc is also eligible to receive up to $5,000,000 in development milestones over the period of five years from the date of the Asset Purchase Agreement, which can be paid in shares of our Common Stock or cash, at our sole discretion. In addition, we had advanced RubrYc $484,000 to support their operation costs during the negotiation period and incurred transaction costs totaling $208,000, which were also capitalized as part of the assets acquired. The assets acquired include the patented AI Drug Discovery Platform, all rights with no future milestone payments or royalty obligations, to IBIO-101 (RTX-003), in addition to five preclinical assets plus a PD-1 agonist. The Asset Purchase Agreement contained representations, warranties and covenants of RubrYc and us.  

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Intellectual Property

We currently own 13 patents. Of the 13 patents, 7 are U.S. and 6 are international.  Since July 1, 2023, we have primarily focused our intellectual property estate on our preclinical assets including provisional and regular patents in the U.S. and overseas, including for CD25 antibodies, CCR8 antibodies, EGFRvIII antibodies, anti-MUC16 antibodies, TROP-2 antibodies, CD3 antibodies, and for high-efficiency, conditionally-activated antibodies.  We now have 16 U.S., 4 Patent Cooperation Treaty, and 50 international applications pending. One Chinese, one Canadian, and a U.S. application have been allowed but not yet issued.  International patents and applications include numerous foreign countries including Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, and the European regional phase.  All of our patents will expire between 2027 and 2042.  

Included in the 88 patents and patent applications are U.S. and foreign patents and applications that we acquired from RubrYc for novel antibodies, scaffold technology, and a machine learning apparatus for engineering meso-scale peptides.  

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technologies and preclinical assets. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary rights, by among other methods, filing patent applications in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions to cover certain aspects of our technology. We continue to prepare patent applications relating to our expanding technology in the U.S. and abroad.

The technology and products covered by our issued and pending patent applications are summarized below:

Product Patent Applications, Technology, and Know-How (U.S. and International)

Pending Technology Patent Applications and Know-How (U.S. and International)

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products.

We face competition from many different sources, including commercial pharmaceutical and biotechnology enterprises, academic institutions, government agencies, and private and public research institutions. Our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have

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fewer side effects or are less expensive than any products that we or our collaborators may develop based on the use of our technologies.

While we believe that the potential advantages of our new technologies will enable us to compete effectively against other providers of technology for biologic product development and drug discovery, many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through arrangements with large and established companies, and this may reduce the value of our technologies for the purposes of establishing license agreements. In addition, these third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies and technology licenses complementary to our programs or advantageous to our business.

We expect to rely upon licensees, collaborators or customers for support in advancing certain of our drug candidates and intend to rely on additional work with our collaborators during our efforts to commercialize our product candidates. Our licensees, collaborators or customers may be conducting multiple product development efforts within the same disease areas that are the subjects of their agreements with us. Agreements with collaborators may not preclude them from pursuing development efforts using a different approach from that which is the subject of our agreement with them. Any of our drug candidates, therefore, may be subject to competition with a drug candidate under development by a customer.

There are currently approved vaccines and therapies for many of the diseases and conditions addressed by the product candidates our partners and collaborators may be developing or manufacturing or in our own pipeline. Technological developments in our field of research and development occur at a rapid rate and we expect competition to intensify as advances in this field are made. We will be required to continue to devote substantial resources and efforts to our research and development activities.

As a biopharmaceutical company developing next generation obesity therapeutics, we compete with a broad range of companies. At the highest level, our therapeutics can be seen as both a complement and a potential competitor to any obesity therapeutic, most incretin peptides, biologics, other peptide therapies, siRNAs, surgical interventions, and small molecules. Certain of our competitors have substantially greater capital resources, large customer bases, broader product lines, sales forces, greater marketing and management resources, larger research and development staffs with extensive facilities and equipment than we do and have more established reputations as well as global distribution channels. Our most significant competitors, among others, are fully integrated pharmaceutical companies such as Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S, Amgen Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis AG, MedImmune, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca PLC), Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Inc., Merck KGaA and Sanofi SA, and more established biotechnology companies such as Genentech, Inc. (a member of the Roche Group), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. We also compete with additional companies who are more advanced in the obesity and cardiometabolic space, such as Keros Therapeutics, Inc., Scholar Rock Holding Corporation, Biohaven, Ltd., Basecure Therapeutics Inc., Structure Therapeutics, Inc., Viking Therapeutics, Inc., Veru Inc., Zealand Pharma A/S, Terns Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Skye Bioscience, Inc., Laekna, Inc., Wave Life Sciences Ltd., Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Helicore Biopharma Inc., as well as tech enabled drug discovery companies such as Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., AbCellera Biologics, Inc., Cellarity, Inc., BenevolentAI, Nabla Technologies, Inc., and others, some of which have substantially greater financial, technical, sales, marketing, and human resources than we do.  

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Research and Development

Our research and development functions are focused on the creation of new products and services, as well as enhancements to our existing offerings, both of which are necessary to maintain our competitive position. Our research and development activities take place primarily at our facilities in San Diego. iBio has leased lab and office space in San Diego for the purpose of conducting research. For the fiscal years 2026 and 2025, iBio spent $19.6 million and $8.3 million, respectively, in R&D related activities.

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Suppliers

We outsource certain functions and supplies to third parties. While we rely on our outsourcing partners to perform their contracted functions, we are continuing to build internal capabilities. Our suppliers are generally available to meet our demands and supply requirements, but our items are long lead time items that have been exacerbated by the current macro environment due to increased demand. We continue to mitigate the risks through inventory management, relationship management and evaluation of alternative sources when possible. Refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for a description of risks associated with our reliance on suppliers and outsourcing partners.

Manufacturing

We do not own or operate facilities for clinical drug manufacturing, storage, distribution or quality testing. Currently, all of our clinical manufacturing is outsourced to third-party manufacturers. We have entered into agreements with five contract research organizations (“CROs”) for CMC development, non-clinical toxicology and related studies to advance IBIO-600 and IBIO-610 towards clinical testing in addition to clinical studies for IBIO-600. However, we have not entered into any long-term supply agreements or commercialization partnerships with these vendors. Certain material suppliers and manufacturing sites for IBIO-600 and IBIO-610 are in locations outside of the U.S.

Certain third-party manufacturers may require us to enter in manufacturing agreements with them that include substantial milestone payments and royalties. As our development programs expand and we build new process efficiencies, we expect to continually evaluate our strategy of utilizing third party manufacturers with the objective of satisfying demand for our registration trials and, if approved, the manufacture, sale and distribution of commercial products.

While the materials and substances used in our product candidates are manufactured by more than one supplier, the number of suppliers is limited. In the event it is necessary or advisable to acquire drug materials, substances, and products from alternative suppliers, we might not be able to obtain them on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. It could also require significant time and expense to transfer or redesign our manufacturing processes to work with another company. If approved by the FDA, we anticipate that we will be able to enter into agreements with third parties to manufacture and distribute our product candidates on commercially reasonable terms.

Antibody Discovery

We have internal antibody display and discovery capabilities; however, at times we may continue to rely on third parties to conduct antibody discovery and optimization services for us based on criteria and specifications provided by us. Certain antibody discovery and optimization vendors require us to enter into a license with them for the right to use antibodies discovered by them in human use or for commercial purposes. Such license could include substantial milestone payments and royalties to the extent we choose to use an antibody discovered by such vendor. We have exercised our option to receive such a license from AstralBio pursuant to the Myostatin License Agreement. Please see the description above in “Strategic Alliances, Collaborations, and Joint Ventures – Several agreements with AstralBio - Exclusive License Agreement (Myostatin Target)” for more details on the terms of this agreement.

Government Regulation and Product Approval

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug products. Generally, before a new drug can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific to each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved by the regulatory authority.

U.S. Drug Approval Process

All of the vaccine and therapeutic products developed from our technologies will require regulatory approval by governmental agencies prior to commercialization. In particular, pharmaceutical drugs and vaccines are subject to rigorous

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preclinical testing and clinical trials and other pre-marketing approval requirements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) and regulatory authorities in other countries. In the U.S., various federal, and, in some cases, state statutes and regulations, also govern or impact the manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage, record-keeping and marketing of vaccines and pharmaceutical products. The lengthy process of seeking required approvals and the continuing need for compliance with applicable statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial resources. Regulatory approval, if and when obtained for any of our product candidates, may be limited in scope, which may significantly limit the indicated uses for which our product candidates may be marketed. Further, FDA approved vaccines and drugs are subject to ongoing oversight and discovery of previously unknown problems may result in restrictions on their manufacture, sale or use, or in their withdrawal from the market.

The process required by the FDA before a drug or biological product may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

Preclinical Tests

Before any product candidates with potential immunization or therapeutic value may be tested in human subjects, we must satisfy stringent government requirements for preclinical studies. Preclinical testing includes both in vitro and in vivo laboratory evaluation and characterization of the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. “In vitro” refers to tests conducted with cells in culture and “in vivo” refers to tests conducted in animals. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including GLP. Preclinical testing results obtained from studies in several animal species, as well as data from in vitro studies, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND application and are reviewed by the FDA prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. These preclinical data must provide an adequate basis for evaluating both the safety and the scientific rationale for the initial clinical trials. In the case of vaccine candidates, animal immunogenicity and immune protection tests must establish a sound scientific basis to believe that the product candidate may be beneficial when administered to humans.

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IND

An IND becomes effective automatically 30 days after receipt by the FDA unless the FDA raises concern or questions about the conduct of the clinical trials as outlined in the IND prior to that time. In such an event, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before clinical trials may proceed. For additional information on the most recent FDA regulations and guidance on vaccine and therapeutic product testing and approval, visit its website at http://www.fda.gov. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to potential safety concerns or non-compliance. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, trials may not recommence without FDA authorization and then only under terms authorized by the FDA. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that suspend or terminate such trials.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials involve the administration of the product candidate to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety, including stopping rules that assure a clinical trial will be stopped if certain adverse events should occur. Each protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Clinical trials must be conducted and monitored in accordance with the FDA’s regulations composing the good clinical practice requirements, including the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board (the “IRB”) at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the form and content of the informed consent that must be signed by each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed.

A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside of the United States may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the FDA may nevertheless accept the results of the study in support of an NDA if the study was conducted in accordance with GCP requirements, and the FDA is able to validate the data through independent analysis and an onsite inspection if deemed necessary.

Human clinical trials involving biological products are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all clinical activities, clinical data, and clinical trial investigators. Annual progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials

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must be submitted to the FDA. Written IND safety reports must be promptly submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events, any findings from other studies, tests in laboratory animals or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects, or any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The sponsor also must notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction within seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt of the information. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor or its data safety monitoring board may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the biological product has been associated with unexpected serious harm to subjects.

Concurrently with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional studies and must also develop additional information about the physical characteristics of the biological product as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other criteria, the sponsor must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, potency and purity of the final biological product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted.

Many other countries in which we might choose to develop drugs or run clinical trials have similar rules and regulation. Although many of the issues discussed above with respect to the United States apply similarly in the context of the European Union or other foreign countries, the approval process varies between countries and jurisdictions and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries and jurisdictions might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.

NDA/BLA:

Once clinical trials of a product candidate are completed, FDA approval of an NDA or BLA must be obtained before commercial marketing of the product. The NDA or BLA must include results of product development, laboratory and animal studies, human trials, information on the manufacture and composition of the product, proposed labeling and other relevant information. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data, or full or partial waivers. The testing and approval processes require substantial time and effort and there can be no assurance that the FDA will accept the NDA or BLA for filing and, even if filed, that any approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all.

Post-Approval Requirements

Any products for which we receive FDA approvals will be subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved uses, known as ‘off-label’ use, limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and requirements for promotional activities involving the internet.

Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements:

In the United States, our activities are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including but not limited to, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, for instance the Office of Inspector General, the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, and individual U.S. Attorney offices within the DOJ, and state and local governments. For example, research, sales, marketing and scientific/educational grant programs must comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions

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of the Social Security Act, the false claims laws, the physician payment transparency laws, the privacy and security provisions of HIPAA, as amended by Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), and similar state laws, each as amended. Once commercialized, we could be liable to ensure full compliance with the law.

Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement

Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval. This is dictated by third-party payors’ coverage and establish adequate reimbursement levels for such products. The marketability of any product candidate for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale may suffer if the government and third-party payors fail to provide adequate coverage and reimbursement.

Orphan Drug Act

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the United States for that drug. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the name of the sponsor, identity of the drug or biologic and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. The orphan drug designation does not shorten the duration of the regulatory review or approval process, but does provide certain advantages, such as a waiver of Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, fees, enhanced access to FDA staff and potential waiver of pediatric research requirements.

If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a full NDA, to market the same drug or biologic for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent FDA from approving a different drug or biologic for the same disease or condition, or the same drug or biologic for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the application user fee. A designated orphan drug may not receive orphan drug exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

Accelerated Approval

There are a variety of pathways under which applicants may seek expedited approval from FDA, including fast track, breakthrough therapy, priority review and accelerated approval. The FDA accelerated approval program provides for early approval of drugs based on a drug on a clinical trial(s) showing that the drug meets a surrogate or an intermediate clinical endpoint rather than a clinical benefit endpoint. Accelerated approval is possible for drugs for serious conditions that fill an unmet medical need.

A surrogate endpoint used for accelerated approval is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, that is thought to predict clinical benefit, but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. Likewise, an intermediate clinical endpoint is a measure of a therapeutic effect that is considered reasonably likely to predict the clinical benefit of a drug, such as an effect on irreversible morbidity and mortality. Because it sometimes can take many years for a drug trial to show a clinical benefit, the use of a surrogate endpoint or an intermediate clinical endpoint can significantly shorten the time required to complete clinical trials and obtain FDA approval.

If a drug receives an accelerated approval, the company that sponsored the application must conduct a post-approval trial to confirm the anticipated clinical benefit. These trials are known as Phase 4 or post-approval confirmatory trials. If the confirmatory trial shows that the drug actually provides a clinical benefit, then the FDA grants traditional approval for the

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drug. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit during post-marketing studies, will allow the FDA to withdraw the drug from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for drug candidates approved under accelerated regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA. If the confirmatory trial does not show that the drug provides clinical benefit, FDA has regulatory procedures in place that could lead to removing the drug from the market.

Healthcare Regulations and Healthcare Reform

Healthcare regulation and pricing (including drug pricing) is complex, extensive, and dynamic around the world. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and likely will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system directed at broadening the availability of healthcare, improving the quality of healthcare, and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We expect that there will continue to be a number of federal and state proposals to implement government pricing controls and limit the growth of healthcare costs.

We cannot predict what healthcare reform initiatives may be adopted in the future. Further federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory developments are likely, and we expect ongoing initiatives to increase pressure on drug pricing. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenues from product candidates and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop product candidates.

We anticipate that current and future U.S. legislative healthcare reforms may result in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product, if covered, and could seriously harm our business. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare and other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

Data Privacy

In the ordinary course of business, we collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, and share (collectively, processing) personal data and other sensitive information, including proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, intellectual property, sensitive third-party data, and data we collect about trial participants in connection with clinical trials, which may include protected health information, genetic and genomic data, medical histories, demographic information, and other sensitive health-related data. Given the nature of our business as a biopharmaceutical company engaged in drug development, we process significant volumes of sensitive personal data across multiple jurisdictions where we conduct clinical trials and other operations. Our data processing activities subject us to numerous data privacy and security obligations, such as various laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contractual requirements, and other obligations relating to data privacy and security.

In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws, including data breach notification laws, personal data privacy laws, consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), and other similar laws (e.g., wiretapping laws). For example, as further discussed above, HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, imposes specific requirements relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable protected health information. Additionally, FDA regulations, including 21 CFR Part 11, impose requirements regarding electronic records and electronic signatures that affect how we collect, maintain, and transmit clinical trial data, and noncompliance could affect our ability to rely on such data in regulatory submissions.  In the past few years, California, Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, Utah and other states have enacted comprehensive privacy laws that impose certain obligations on covered businesses, including providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording residents with certain rights concerning their personal data. As applicable, such rights may include the right to access, correct, or delete certain personal data, and to opt-out of certain data processing activities, such as targeted advertising, profiling, and automated decision-making. The exercise of these rights may impact our business and ability to provide our products and services. Certain states also impose stricter requirements for processing certain personal data, including sensitive information, such as conducting data privacy impact assessments. These state laws allow for statutory fines for noncompliance. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA”), (collectively, “CCPA”) applies to personal information of consumers, business representatives, and employees who are California residents, and requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and

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honor requests of such individuals to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per intentional violation and allows private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages. Although the CCPA and similar state laws exempt certain data processed in the context of clinical trials, such exemptions are limited in scope and do not extend to all personal data we process in connection with our clinical trial activities, including data relating to our employees, contractors, clinical trial site personnel, investigators, and business contacts. Similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels, and we anticipate that more states will pass similar laws in the future. These developments further complicate compliance efforts and increase legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties upon whom we rely.

We may also be subject to new laws governing the privacy of consumer health data. For example, Washington’s My Health My Data Act (“MHMD Act”) broadly defines consumer health data, places restrictions on processing consumer health data (including imposing stringent requirements for consents), provides consumers certain rights with respect to their health data, and creates a private right of action to allow individuals to sue for violations of the law. Other states, including Nevada and Connecticut, have adopted or are considering similar consumer health data laws.

We may use AI) and ML technologies in various aspects of our operations, including drug discovery, clinical trial design, and data analysis. The use of AI and ML in our business may implicate data privacy and security obligations and emerging AI-specific regulations. For example, the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (the “EU AI Act”) establishes a risk-based regulatory framework for AI systems, including requirements for high-risk AI applications. Additionally, various U.S. states and federal agencies are considering or have adopted laws and guidance regarding the use of AI. Compliance with existing and emerging AI regulations may require us to modify our use of AI and ML technologies, implement additional governance and oversight measures, or limit our ability to use such technologies.

Outside the United States, an increasing number of laws, regulations, and industry standards govern data privacy and security. For example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“EU GDPR”) and the United Kingdom’s GDPR (“UK GDPR”) impose strict requirements for processing personal data. For example, under the GDPR, companies may face temporary or definitive bans on data processing and other corrective actions; fines of up to 20 million Euros under the EU GDPR, 17.5 million pounds sterling under the UK GDPR or, in each case, 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater; or private litigation related to processing of personal data brought by classes of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at law to represent their interests.

Additionally, under various privacy laws and other obligations, we may be required to obtain certain consents to process personal data. Our inability or failure to do so could result in adverse consequences, including class action litigation and mass arbitration demands.

In the ordinary course of business, we may transfer personal data from Europe and other jurisdictions to the United States or other countries. Europe and other jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring data to be localized or limiting the transfer of personal data to other countries. In particular, the European Economic Area (EEA) and the United Kingdom (UK) have significantly restricted the transfer of personal data to the United States and other countries whose privacy laws it generally believes are inadequate. Other jurisdictions may adopt similarly stringent interpretations of their data localization and cross-border data transfer laws. Although there are currently various mechanisms that may be used to transfer personal data from the EEA and UK to the United States in compliance with law, such as the EEA’s standard contractual clauses, the UK’s International Data Transfer Agreement / Addendum, and the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework and the UK extension thereto (which allow for transfers to relevant U.S.-based organizations who self-certify compliance and participate in the Framework), these mechanisms are subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we can satisfy or rely on these measures to lawfully transfer personal data to the United States. If there is no lawful manner for us to transfer personal data from the EEA, the UK or other jurisdictions to the United States, or if the requirements for a legally-compliant transfer are too onerous, we could face significant adverse consequences, including the interruption or degradation of our operations, the need to relocate part of or all of our business or data processing activities to other jurisdictions (such as Europe) at significant expense, increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and penalties, the inability to transfer data and work with partners, vendors and other third parties, and injunctions against our processing or transferring of personal data necessary to operate our business. Additionally, companies that transfer personal data out of the EEA and UK to other jurisdictions, particularly to the United States, are subject to increased scrutiny from regulators, individual litigants, and activist groups. Some European regulators have ordered certain

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companies to suspend or permanently cease certain transfers out of Europe for allegedly violating the GDPR’s cross-border data transfer limitations. For example, in May 2023, the Irish Data Protection Commission determined that a major social media company’s use of the standard contractual clauses to transfer personal data from Europe to the United States was insufficient and levied a 1.2 billion Euro fine against the company and prohibited the company from transferring personal data to the United States.

In addition, we are bound by contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and our efforts to comply with such obligations may not be successful. For example, certain privacy laws, such as the GDPR and the CCPA, require our customers to impose specific contractual restrictions on their service providers. We publish privacy policies, marketing materials and other statement regarding data privacy and security. If these policies, materials or statements are found to be deficient, lacking in transparency, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our practices, we may be subject to investigation, enforcement actions by regulators or other adverse consequences.

Obligations related to data privacy and security are quickly changing, becoming increasingly stringent, and creating regulatory uncertainty. Additionally, these obligations may be subject to differing applications and interpretations, which may be inconsistent or conflict among jurisdictions. Preparing for and complying with these obligations requires us to devote significant resources, which may necessitate changes to our services, information technologies, systems, and practices and to those of any third parties that process personal data on our behalf. In addition, these obligations may require us to change our business model.

We may at times fail (or be perceived to have failed) in our efforts to comply with our data privacy and security obligations. Moreover, despite our efforts, our personnel or third parties on whom we rely may fail to comply with such obligations, which could negatively impact our business operations. If we or the third parties on which we rely fail, or are perceived to have failed, to address or comply with applicable data privacy and security obligations, we could face significant consequences, including but not limited to: government enforcement actions (e.g., investigations, fines, penalties, audits, inspections, and similar); litigation (including class-action claims) and mass arbitration demands; additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; bans on processing personal data; orders to destroy or not use personal data; and imprisonment of company officials.

In particular, plaintiffs have become increasingly more active in bringing privacy-related claims against companies, including class claims and mass arbitration demands. Some of these claims allow for the recovery of statutory damages on a per-violation basis, and, if viable, carry the potential for significant statutory damages, depending on the volume of data and the number of violations. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, or financial condition, including but not limited to: loss of customers; interruptions or stoppages in our business operations (including clinical trials); inability to process personal data or to operate in certain jurisdictions; limited ability to develop or commercialize our products; expenditure of time and resources to defend any claim or inquiry; adverse publicity; or substantial changes to our business model or operations.  We cannot provide assurance that we will not experience incidents or claims that could have a material adverse effect on our business, and the costs of responding to and defending against data privacy and security claims or enforcement actions could be significant regardless of the outcome.

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U.S. Patent-Term Extension

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval of our current product candidates or any future product candidate, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch Waxman Act. The Hatch Waxman Act permits extension of the patent term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during FDA regulatory review process. Patent term extension, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. The patent term extension period is generally one half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application, except that the review period is reduced by any time during which the applicant failed to exercise due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension (and only those patent claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended), and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. A patent that covers multiple products for which approval is sought can only be extended in connection with one of the approvals. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension. In the future, we may apply for extension of a patent term for our currently owned patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA. However, there can be no assurance that the USPTO will grant us any requested patent term extension, either for the length we request or at all.

Rest of World Government Regulation

In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our products. The cost of establishing a regulatory compliance system for numerous varying jurisdictions can be very significant. Although many of the issues discussed above with respect to the United States apply similarly in the context of the European Union and in other jurisdictions, the approval process varies between countries and jurisdictions and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries and jurisdictions might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.

Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from comparable regulatory authorities in foreign countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. Certain countries outside of the United States have a similar process that requires the submission of a clinical trial application much like the IND prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. In the EU, for example, a clinical trial authorization application (“CTA”) must be submitted for each clinical protocol to each country’s national health authority and an independent ethics committee, much like the FDA and IRB, respectively. Once the CTA is accepted in accordance with a country’s requirements, the clinical trial may proceed.

The approval process varies from country to country and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. In addition, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials vary greatly from country to country. In all cases, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP the applicable regulatory requirements, and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Australia

The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most highly regulated industries in Australia. The Australian government is heavily involved in the operation of the industry, through the registration of medicines and licensing of manufacturing facilities. In Australia, the relevant regulatory body responsible for the pharmaceutical industry is the Australian TGA. There is harmonization and collaboration between the TGA and the FDA. The TGA requires notification of all clinical trials via an electronic submission of a Clinical Trial Notification prior to commencing the clinical trial. The TGA operates according to the Commonwealth of Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) (the “Australia TG Act”). Specifically, the Australia TG Act regulates the registration, listing, quality, safety, efficacy, promotion and sale of therapeutic goods, including pharmaceuticals, supplied in Australia.

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Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation

We are subject to numerous federal, state and local environmental, health and safety (“EHS”), laws and regulations relating to, among other matters, safe working conditions, product stewardship, environmental protection, and handling or disposition of products, including those governing the generation, storage, handling, use, transportation, release, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous materials, medical waste, and infectious materials that may be handled by our research laboratories. Some of these laws and regulations also require us to obtain licenses or permits to conduct our operations. If we fail to comply with such laws or obtain and comply with the applicable permits, we could face substantial fines or possible revocation of our permits or limitations on our ability to conduct our operations. Certain of our development activities involve use of hazardous materials, and we believe we are in compliance with the applicable environmental laws, regulations, permits, and licenses.  However, we cannot ensure EHS liabilities will not develop in the future.  EHS laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time.  Although the costs to comply with applicable laws and regulations, have not been material, we cannot predict the impact on our business of new or amended laws or regulations or any changes in the way existing and future laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced, nor can we ensure we will be able to obtain or maintain any required licenses or permits.

Human Capital/Employees

As of August 27, 2026, we had 23 employees, all of which are full-time employees, in addition to two strategic consultants. Our employees are not represented by any union and are not the subject of a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

We believe that our success depends upon our ability to attract, develop, retain and motivate key personnel. Our management and scientific teams possess considerable experience in drug discovery, research and development, manufacturing, clinical and regulatory affairs, and iBio directly benefits from this experience and industry knowledge.

We anticipate that we will need to identify, attract, train and retain other highly skilled personnel to pursue our development program. Hiring for such personnel is competitive, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to retain our key employees or attract, assimilate or retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business.

We have no collective bargaining agreements with our employees and have not experienced any work stoppages. We consider our relations with our employees to be good. Management believes that it has sufficient human capital to operate its business successfully currently and will need to attract new talent to the organization in order to achieve its plans for growth.

Competitive Pay and Benefits. Our compensation programs are designed to align the compensation of our employees with our performance and to provide the proper incentives to attract, retain and motivate employees to achieve superior results. The structure of our compensation programs balances incentive earnings for both short-term and long-term performance. Specifically:  

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Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on April 17, 2008, under the name iBioPharma, Inc. We engaged in a merger with InB:Biotechnologies, Inc., a New Jersey corporation on July 25, 2008, and changed our name to iBio, Inc. on August 10, 2009.

Our principal executive offices are located at 11750 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 and our telephone number is (979) 446-0027. Our website address is www.ibioinc.com. The information contained on, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely as an inactive textual reference.

Available Information

Our website address is www.ibioinc.com. We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other materials with the SEC. We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and file or furnish reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports and other information filed by us with the SEC are available free of charge on our website at www.ibioinc.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this Annual Report.

The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Summary Risk Factors

Our business faces significant risks and uncertainties of which investors should be aware before making a decision to invest in our Common Stock. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The following is a summary of the more significant risks relating to the Company. A more detailed description of our risk factors is set forth below under the caption “Detailed Risk Factors.”

Risks Related to Our Business, Financial Position and Capital Requirements

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Risks Related to the Development and Commercialization of Our Technologies and Product Candidates

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Risks Related to Dependence on Third Parties

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property

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Risks Related to iBio’s Operations

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock

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Detailed Risk Factors

Our business faces many risks. Past experience may not be indicative of future performance, and as noted elsewhere in this Annual Report, we have included forward-looking statements about our business, plans and prospects that are subject to change. Forward-looking statements are particularly located in, but not limited to, the sections “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” In addition to the other risks or uncertainties contained in this Annual Report, the risks described below may affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flows. If any of these risks occur, either alone or in combination with other factors, our business, financial condition or operating results could be adversely affected, and the trading price of our common stock may decline. Moreover, readers should note this is not an exhaustive list of the risks we face; some risks are unknown or not quantifiable, and other risks that we currently perceive as immaterial may ultimately prove more significant than expected. Statements about plans, predictions or expectations should not be construed to be assurances of performance or promises to take a given course of action.

Risks Related to Our Business, Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We have a limited operating history developing precision antibody therapeutics, which may limit the ability of investors to make an informed investment decision.

We commenced independent operations in 2008, and our operations to date have included organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, acquiring and developing our proprietary technologies, running a contract development and manufacturing organization (“CDMO”), identifying potential product candidates and undertaking, in house and through third parties, preclinical trials and clinical trials of product candidates derived from our technologies. Prior to the end of calendar year 2022, we shifted our focus away from generating revenue as a CDMO service provider to the development of vaccines and therapeutics for commercialization and thereafter to immune-oncology therapeutics.  Our current focus is on precision antibodies for obesity, cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary diseases. In June 2026, we dosed the first participant in a Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600, our long-acting anti-myostatin antibody, in Australia. With the exception of IBIO-600, all of our other  product candidates are still in preclinical development and there is a risk that we will be unsuccessful in developing or commercializing any product candidates. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete any clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, any conclusion you reach about our future success or viability may not be as predictive as it might be if we had a longer operating history.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for the sale of any of our product candidates, we do not know when we will begin to generate significant revenue from such product candidates, if at all. Our ability to generate revenue depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:

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Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with development and manufacturing product candidates, we are unable to predict if we will generate significant revenue. If we cannot successfully execute on any of the factors listed above, our business may not succeed, and we may never generate significant revenue.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We expect to incur losses during our next fiscal year, we do not anticipate generating significant revenue for several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Since our 2008 spinoff from Integrated BioPharma, we have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations, and we expect to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our net loss was approximately $33.0 million and $18.4 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. As of June 30, 2026, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $365.3 million.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of Common Stock, the Woodforest Credit Agreement, preferred stock and warrants. We devote substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including the development and validation of our technologies, and the development of hard-to-drug precision antibodies for obesity, cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary diseases. We have not completed development of or commercialized any vaccine or therapeutic product candidates. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and may incur operating losses for at least the next year. We anticipate that our expenses and losses will increase substantially due to the commencement of our clinical trial  if we:

Our future profitability and cash flow in large part depends on the advancement of our research and development programs, including our AI Drug Discovery Platform, and our ability to successfully develop, partner or commercialize our product candidates, which is not anticipated for several years. Our cash position is expected to limit the number of product candidates that we seek to develop. This will require us, alone or with our licensees and collaborators, to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for these product candidates and manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which regulatory approval is obtained or establishing collaborations with parties willing and able to provide necessary capital or other value. We may never succeed in these activities. We may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough to achieve profitability.

There can be no assurance that our collaboration with AstralBio will be successful or that we will enter into agreements for the sale or out-licensing of any of our product candidates on favorable terms or that the exploration of potential options will result in any agreements or transactions, or that, if completed, any agreements or transactions will be successful or on attractive terms.  If we determine to change our business strategy, our future business, prospects, financial position and operating results could be significantly different than those in historical periods or projected by our management. Because of the significant uncertainty regarding our future plans, we are not able to accurately predict the impact of a potential change in our business strategy and future funding requirements.

All of our existing product candidates are in various early stages of development and will require extensive additional clinical evaluation, regulatory review and approval, significant marketing efforts and substantial investment before they could provide us with any revenue. Only one product candidate is currently in human clinical trials. As a result, even if we successfully develop, achieve regulatory approval and commercialize our products, we may be unable to generate

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revenue for many years, if at all. We do not anticipate that we will generate revenue from product sales for at least several years, if at all. If we are unable to generate revenue from product sales, we will not become profitable, and we may be unable to continue our operations.

We may not be able to generate revenue or achieve profitability in the future. Our failure to achieve or maintain profitability would likely negatively impact the value of our securities and could prevent us from continuing as a going concern. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would diminish the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase significantly as our product candidates advance in clinical development, and as we add more employees. As part of the regulatory process, we must conduct clinical trials for each product candidate to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA and other regulatory authorities. The number and design of the clinical trials that will be required varies depending upon product candidate, the condition being evaluated, and the trial results themselves. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately estimate the cost of the clinical trials. Clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The clinical trial process is also time consuming. We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete. Because of numerous risks and uncertainties involved in our business, the timing or amount of increased development expenses cannot be accurately predicted, and our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA, or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities, to perform studies or clinical trials in addition to those we currently anticipate. We anticipate that further product development is also expected to increase expenses, including but not limited to the ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600, continued IND-enabling studies for IBIO-610, and the additional studies that will be required to support development of our other preclinical cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary programs. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials

In addition, as we expand our business, we will need to retain additional employees with the necessary skills including employees for our continued expansion of drug discovery capabilities in San Diego, California.  

Even if any of our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with the commercial launch of and the related commercial-scale manufacturing requirements for our product candidates. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development and commercialization, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of future expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. These losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our financial position and working capital.

We will need additional funding to fully execute our business plan, which funding may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate the commercialization of our development and manufacturing services and efforts for our product development programs.

Despite our receipt of approximately $46.5 million in net proceeds in connection with the closing of our underwritten offering in August 2025 (the “2025 Offering”), we will need additional capital to fully implement our long-term business, operating and development plans as we do not anticipate that any of our product candidates will generate revenue in the next few years, if at all. To the extent that we initiate or continue clinical development without securing collaborator or licensee funding, our research and development expenses could increase substantially.

When we elect to raise additional funds or additional funds are required, we may raise such funds from time to time through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements or other financing alternatives. Additional equity or debt financing or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements may not be

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available on acceptable terms, if at all. We currently have no committed sources of funding.  The At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) that we entered into on February 27, 2026, with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), providing for the sale of up to $100,000,000 of shares of Common Stock (the “2026 ATM Agreement”) has certain requirements that we must meet in order to sell securities pursuant to the 2026 ATM Agreement. There can be no assurance that we will meet the requirements to be able to sell securities pursuant to the 2026 ATM Agreement, of if we meet the requirements that we will be able to raise sufficient funds on favorable terms. There can be no assurances that we will be able to raise the funds needed If we are unable to raise capital in sufficient amounts when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or commercialization efforts and our ability to generate revenues and achieve or sustain profitability will be substantially harmed.

If we are unable to raise funds when required or on favorable terms, this assumption may no longer be operative, and we may have to: a) significantly delay, scale back, or discontinue the product application and/or commercialization of our proprietary technologies; b) seek collaborators for our technology and product candidates on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; c) relinquish or otherwise dispose of rights to technologies, product candidates, or products that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize; or d) possibly liquidate assets or cease operations.

The actual amount of funds we will need to operate is subject to many risk factors, some of which are beyond our control.

The actual amount of funds we will need to operate our business is subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control therefore we are unable to determine this amount with certainty. These factors include the following:

We have based our estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong. We may need to obtain additional funds sooner or in greater amounts than we currently anticipate. Potential sources of financing include strategic relationships, public or private sales of our shares or debt and other sources. Additionally, we may seek to access the public or private equity markets when conditions are favorable due to our long-term capital requirements. We do not have any committed sources of financing at this time, and it is uncertain whether additional funding will be available when we need it on terms that will be acceptable to us, or at all. 

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Risks Related to the Development and Commercialization of Our Technologies and Product Candidates

We currently have a limited operating history developing precision antibodies, no products approved for commercial sale, have no significant source of revenue and may never generate significant revenue.

We recently became a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company leveraging the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the development of precision antibodies for obesity, cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary diseases. Prior to August 23, 2021, when we entered into a series of agreements with RubrYc, we were focused on our CDMO business. We have never generated any product revenue from the development of precision antibodies, do not expect to generate revenue in the near future and do not have any products approved for sale. Our operations to date have been primarily focused on developing our product candidates. In June 2026, we dosed the first participant in a Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 in Australia; however, we have not yet completed any clinical trials. Consequently, predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing product candidates.

All of our existing product candidates are in early stages of development and will require extensive additional clinical evaluation, regulatory review and approval, significant marketing efforts and substantial investment before they could provide us with any revenue.

We currently have a limited number of product candidates in early stages of pre-clinical development and are dependent on the success of these product candidates, which requires significant clinical testing before seeking regulatory approval. If our product candidates do not receive regulatory approval or are not successfully commercialized, our business may be harmed.

We have a limited number of product candidates, with IBIO-600 in a Phase 1 clinical trial and our other candidates in preclinical development, focused primarily on obesity, cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary diseases. During fiscal year 2026, we completed a strategic pivot away from immune-oncology, fully impairing our IBIO-101 asset and ceasing active marketing of our oncology programs. As a result, our pipeline is now concentrated in a single therapeutic area, which increases our exposure to setbacks in that area. It is possible that we may never be able to develop a marketable product candidate.

We expect that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures over the next few years will be devoted to our product candidates in the cardiometabolic and obesity fields. Accordingly, our business currently depends heavily on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of these product candidates, which may not receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if regulatory approval is received. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of product candidates are and will remain subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries that each have differing regulations. We are not permitted to market any product in the United States unless and until we receive approval from the FDA, or in any foreign countries unless and until we receive the requisite approval from regulatory authorities in such countries. We have never submitted an NDA or BLA to the FDA or comparable applications to other regulatory authorities and do not expect to be in a position to do so for the foreseeable future. Obtaining approval of an NDA or BLA is an extensive, lengthy, expensive, and inherently uncertain process, and the FDA may delay, limit or deny approval of its product for many reasons.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, our focus is limited to the development of multiple product candidates. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other technologies or product candidates that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending and the spending of our clients and collaborators may not yield any commercially viable products.

We have based our research and development efforts largely on our technologies and product candidates derived from such technologies. Notwithstanding our large investment to date and anticipated future expenditures in these technologies, we have not yet developed, and may never successfully develop, any marketed products using these technologies. As a

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result, we may fail to address or develop product candidates based on other scientific approaches that may offer greater commercial potential or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

We also may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates using our technologies. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. These research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular technology or product candidate and fail to capitalize on technologies or product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on specific product candidates derived from or enhanced by our technologies or that have been identified and partially developed by our clients or collaborators. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other technologies or product candidates that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending and the spending of our clients and collaborators may not yield any commercially viable products.

We have based our research and development efforts largely on our technologies and product candidates derived from such technologies. Notwithstanding our large investment to date and anticipated future expenditures in these technologies, we have not yet developed, and may never successfully develop, any marketed products using these technologies. As a result, we may fail to address or develop product candidates based on other scientific approaches that may offer greater commercial potential or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

We also may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates using our technologies. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. These research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development.

If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements on terms less favorable to us than possible.

Preclinical and clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. We or our collaborators may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our current product candidates or any future product candidates, which could materially harm our business.

All but one of our product candidates are still in preclinical development. Our ability to generate product sales revenues for our own products, which we do not expect will occur for many years, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates. The success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:

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If we or our collaborators do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates, which would materially harm our business.

The risks associated with our product candidates not proceeding through clinical development is high. We expect it will be many years before we commercialize any product candidate, if ever. The product candidates we are developing are unproven, which makes it difficult to accurately predict the challenges we may face with respect to our product candidates as they proceed through development. It is also impossible to predict whether our clinical trials will proceed through registrational trials and when or if any of our product candidates will receive regulatory approval. To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals to commercialize any product candidates, we must demonstrate through extensive preclinical studies and lengthy, complex and expensive clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective in humans. We commenced our first human clinical trial in June 2026. Clinical testing can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Commencing any future clinical trials is subject to finalizing the trial design and submitting an application to the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority. Even after we make our submission, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority could disagree that we have satisfied their requirements to commence our clinical trials or disagree with our trial design, which may require us to complete additional studies or trials, amend our protocols or impose stricter conditions on the commencement of clinical trials.

While we believe that data we and our collaborators have obtained from preclinical studies of iBio technology-derived and iBio technology-enhanced product candidates has validated these technologies, our technologies have not yet, and may never lead to, approvable or marketable products. Even if we are successful in further validating our technologies and continuing to build our pipeline, the potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development for many possible reasons, including harmful side effects, limited efficacy or other characteristics that indicate that such product candidates are unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance. If we and our collaborators do not successfully develop and commercialize product candidates based upon our technologies, we will not obtain product or collaboration revenues in future periods, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely affect our stock price.

Clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to design and implement.

Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The clinical trial process is also time-consuming. We estimate that clinical trials for our product candidates would take at least several years to complete. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. Commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed by several factors, including:

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In addition, we, IRBs/ECs, the FDA, the Australian TGA or other regulatory authorities may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if IRBs/ECs, the FDA, the Australian TGA or other regulatory agencies find deficiencies in our submissions or conduct of our trials.

Neither we nor our clients, collaborators or potential licensees will be able to commercialize product candidates based on our technologies and services if preclinical studies do not produce successful results or clinical trials do not demonstrate safety and efficacy in humans.

Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and has an uncertain outcome. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. We and our licensees may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical testing and the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent the commercialization of product candidates based on our iBio technologies, including the following:

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Significant clinical trial delays could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we or our licensees do and impair our ability to commercialize our technologies and product candidates based on our technologies. Poor clinical trial results or delays may make it impossible to license a product candidate, or reduce its attractiveness to prospective licensees, so that we will be unable to successfully develop and commercialize such a product candidate.

Clinical trials are risky, lengthy, and expensive. We will incur substantial expense for, and devote significant time and resources to, preclinical testing and clinical trials, yet we cannot be certain that these tests and trials will demonstrate that a product candidate is effective and well-tolerated or will ever support its approval and commercial sale. For example, clinical trials require adequate supplies of clinical trial material and sufficient patient enrollment to power the trial. Delays in patient enrollment can result in increased costs and longer development times. Even if we, or a licensee or collaborator, if applicable, successfully complete clinical trials for our clinical product candidate, we or they might not file the required regulatory submissions in a timely manner and may not receive marketing approval for the clinical product candidate. We cannot assure you that our clinical product candidate will successfully progress further through the drug development process or will ultimately result in an approved and commercially viable product.

If we, or our clients and collaborators, are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we, or our clients and collaborators, will not be able to develop or commercialize our, or third-party, product candidates or will not be able to do so as soon as anticipated, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and by similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. In April 2026, we received Clinical Trial Notification acknowledgement from Australia’s TGA and ethics approval from a HREC, enabling initiation of the IBIO-600 Phase 1 trial; however, there is no assurance that we will conduct successful clinical trials or obtain approval to market any of our product candidates from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. We have only limited experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing approvals and expect to rely on third parties to assist us in this process. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. Our product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use. If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, the

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accompanying label may limit the approved use in such a restrictive manner that it is not possible to obtain commercial viability for such product.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive and may take many years. If additional clinical trials are required for certain jurisdictions, these trials can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved, and may ultimately be unsuccessful. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review process for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the review and approval of an application. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept a marketing application as deficient or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval of a product candidate. Any marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

If we experience delays in obtaining approval or if we fail to obtain approval of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for our product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate revenues will be materially impaired.  

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, recordkeeping, export, import, advertising and promotional activities for such product candidate, among other things, will be subject to extensive and ongoing requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety, efficacy and other post-marketing information and reports, establishment registration and drug listing requirements, continued compliance with cGMP, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping and current GCP requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product candidate may be marketed or to the conditions of approval. If our clinical product candidate receives marketing approval, the accompanying label may limit the approved use of our product, which could limit sales.

Alternative technologies may supersede our technologies or make them noncompetitive, which would harm our ability to generate future revenue.

The manufacture of precision antibodies and use of artificial intelligence to do so is intensely competitive. There are currently extensive research efforts in this field, which result in rapid technological progress that can render existing technologies obsolete or economically noncompetitive. If our competitors succeed in developing more effective technologies or render our technologies obsolete or noncompetitive, our business will suffer. Many universities, public agencies and established pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other life sciences companies with substantially greater resources than we have are developing and using technologies and are actively engaging in the development of products similar to or competitive with our technologies and products. To remain competitive, we must continue to invest in new technologies and improve existing technologies. To make such renewing investment we will need to obtain additional financing and/or collaborations. If we are unable to secure such financing, we will not have sufficient resources to continue such investment. In addition, they also have significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of products, as well as in obtaining regulatory approvals of those products in the United States and in foreign countries. Our current and potential future competitors also have significantly more experience commercializing drugs that have been approved for marketing. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries could result in even more resources being concentrated among a small number of our competitors.

Our competitors may develop technologies and products or devise methods and processes for protein expression that are faster, safer, more efficient or less costly than that which can be achieved using our technologies which may render our technologies obsolete. Our competitors might succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for competitive products more rapidly than we can for our product candidates. In addition, the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is characterized by rapid technological change. Because our research approach integrates many technologies, it may be difficult for us to remain current with the rapid changes in each technology. If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change, we

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may be unable to compete effectively. Our competitors may render our technologies obsolete by advancing their existing technological approaches or developing new or different approaches. There has been and continues to be substantial academic and commercial research effort devoted to the development of such methods and processes. If successful competitive methods are developed, it may undermine the commercial basis for our products and our technologies and related services.

For our obesity and cardiometabolic disease, not only will we compete with fully integrated pharmaceutical companies, but we will also compete with various companies that have developed or are trying to develop weight-loss treatments or cardiovascular therapies. Certain of our competitors have substantially greater capital resources, large customer bases, broader product lines, sales forces, greater marketing and management resources, larger research and development staffs with extensive facilities and equipment than we do and have more established reputations as well as global distribution channels. Our most significant competitors, among others, are fully integrated pharmaceutical companies such as Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S, Amgen Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis AG, MedImmune, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca AstraZeneca PLC), Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Inc., Merck KGaA and Sanofi SA, and more established biotechnology companies such as Genentech, Inc. (a member of the Roche Group), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. We also compete with additional companies who are more advanced in the obesity and cardiometabolic space, such as Keros Therapeutics, Inc., Scholar Rock Holding Corporation, Biohaven, Ltd., Basecure Therapeutics Inc., Structure Therapeutics, Inc., Viking Therapeutics, Inc., Veru Inc., Zealand Pharma A/S, Terns Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Skye Bioscience, Inc., Laekna, Inc., Wave Life Sciences Ltd., Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Helicore Biopharma Inc., as well as tech enabled drug discovery companies such as Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., AbCellera Biologics, Inc., Cellarity, Inc., BenevolentAI, Nabla Technologies, Inc., and others, some of which have substantially greater financial, technical, sales, marketing, and human resources than we do.

The results or success of preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of future results or replicated in later preclinical studies or clinical trials of our product candidates in the same indications or other indications.

The results or success of preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of future results or replicated in later preclinical studies or later-stage clinical trials. Preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials are primarily designed to study PK and PD, understand the side effects of product candidates, and evaluate various doses and dosing schedules. Our current or future product candidates may demonstrate different chemical, biological and pharmacological properties in patients than they do in laboratory studies or may interact with human biological systems in unforeseen or harmful ways. Product candidates in later-stages of clinical trials may fail to show desired pharmacological properties or produce positive safety and efficacy results despite having progressed through preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials. Additionally, product candidates evaluated in one disease indication may interact in unforeseen or harmful ways in a patient population with a different disease indication than was previously studied. We cannot assure you that the current Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 or any future clinical trials of our product candidates will show positive results or demonstrate the same or similar results of our preclinical trials. There can be no assurance that any of our current or planned clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development or registration of any of our product candidates.

Interim, initial, or preliminary results from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change (e.g., from positive safety or efficacy results to poor or negative safety or efficacy results) as more patient data become available and are subject to additional audit, validation and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

Any interim, initial or preliminary data or results from clinical trials, including interim top-line results and other results published from our clinical trials may materially change as more patient data become available. Preliminary, initial, interim or top-line results also remain subject to audit, validation and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the data we previously published. As a result, interim, initial or preliminary data may not be predictive of final results and should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. We may also arrive at different conclusions, or considerations may qualify such results, once we have received and fully evaluated additional data. Differences between preliminary, initial or interim data and final data could adversely affect our business.

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There is a high failure rate for drugs and biologics proceeding through clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical development even after achieving promising results in earlier studies, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks. Many drugs have failed to replicate efficacy and safety results in larger or more complex later stage trials. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials nonetheless failed to obtain regulatory approval. If we fail to produce positive results in our ongoing and planned preclinical studies and clinical trials with IBIO-600, IBIO-610 or any of our other product candidates, or if a regulatory authority interprets and analyzes the results as not positive, the development timeline and regulatory approval and commercialization prospects for our product candidates, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects, may be materially adversely affected.

Delays or difficulty in the enrollment of patients in any or all of our clinical trials could increase our development costs and delay completion of our clinical trials and associated regulatory submissions.

We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons. The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the trial until its conclusion. The enrollment of patients depends on many factors, including:

For example, we may not be able to continue our Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible overweight or obese adults in Australia to participate in the trial as required by the Australian TGA. As of the date of the filing of this Annual Report, 31 of the 32 planned participants have been enrolled in the SAD portion of the Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600. Our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are in the same therapeutic areas as our product candidates, and this competition will reduce the number and types of patients available to us, because some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one of our competitors. Since the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials in such clinical trial site.

Delays in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of our current Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 or future clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our product candidates. Even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients

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in our clinical trials, if the pace of enrollment is slower than we expect, the development costs for our product candidates may increase, and the completion of our trials may be delayed or our trials could become too expensive to complete.

Our Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 is subject to significant risks that could delay or prevent further development of this product candidate.

Our Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including the risk that the trial may be delayed, suspended, or terminated due to adverse events, regulatory actions, or other unforeseen circumstances. Clinical trials are inherently risky, and the results of early-stage trials may not be predictive of results in later-stage trials. Even if our Phase 1 trial generates positive safety and pharmacokinetic data, there can be no assurance that IBIO-600 will demonstrate sufficient efficacy in subsequent trials to support regulatory approval. Additionally, the Phase 1 trial is being conducted in Australia under a Clinical Trial Notification scheme rather than an FDA-approved IND, and there can be no assurance that the FDA will accept data from this study to support a future U.S. IND application or marketing approval. We have engaged a CRO to manage the trial, and we are dependent on their performance to recruit participants, conduct the study in compliance with applicable regulations, and deliver reliable data. Any failure or delay by our CRO could materially impact our clinical development timeline and increase our costs. Furthermore, as a company that has only recently transitioned to clinical stage, we have limited experience managing clinical trials and may encounter unexpected challenges in trial execution, data management, regulatory interactions, or manufacturing clinical supply.

We are conducting clinical studies for IBIO-600 outside of the United States, and may conduct our clinical studies for IBIO-610 and our other product candidates outside of the United States. The FDA and other foreign equivalents may not accept data from such studies, in which case our development plans will be delayed, which could materially harm our business.

We are conducting our Phase 1 clinical studies for IBIO-600 in Australia, and may conduct other clinical trials in Australia, Canada or other foreign countries. The acceptance of study data from clinical studies conducted outside the United States or another jurisdiction by the FDA or applicable foreign authority may be subject to certain conditions or may not be accepted at all. In cases where data from foreign clinical studies are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i) the data are applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice; (ii) the studies were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to GCP regulations; and (iii) the data may be considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA, or if the FDA considers such inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. In addition, even where the foreign study data are not intended to serve as the sole basis for approval, the FDA will not accept the data as support for an application for marketing approval unless the study is well-designed and well-conducted in accordance with GCP requirements and the FDA is able to validate the data from the study through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary. Many foreign regulatory authorities have similar approval requirements. In addition, such foreign studies would be subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the studies are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA or any applicable foreign authority will accept data from studies conducted outside of the United States or the applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA or any applicable foreign authority does not accept such data, it would result in the need for additional studies, which could be costly and time-consuming, and which may result in current or future product candidates that we may develop not receiving approval for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction.

We believe that clinical data generated in Australia and Canada or other foreign countries will be accepted by the FDA and its foreign equivalents outside of the United States; however, there can be no assurance the FDA or applicable foreign authorities will accept data from any other clinical studies that we may conduct in Australia, Canada or other foreign countries. If the FDA or applicable foreign authorities do not accept any such data, we would likely be required to conduct additional Phase 1 clinical studies, which would be costly and time-consuming, and delay aspects of our development plan, which could harm our business.

Conducting clinical studies outside the United States exposes us to additional risks, including risks associated with:

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Conducting clinical trials in Australia exposes us to additional regulatory, operational and legal risks that could delay development of our product candidates and increase our costs.

We conduct, and may continue to conduct, certain clinical trials and clinical development activities in Australia. As a result, we are subject to Australian laws, regulations and regulatory authorities, including the Australian TGA, HREC and other governmental and institutional bodies that oversee clinical research. Compliance with these requirements may be complex, time-consuming and costly and may differ significantly from the regulatory requirements applicable in the United States and other jurisdictions in which we may seek marketing approval.

Clinical trials conducted in Australia are subject to risks that may be outside of our control, including delays in obtaining regulatory and ethics committee approvals, changes in applicable laws, regulations or regulatory interpretations, difficulties in patient enrollment and retention, shortages of qualified investigators or clinical trial sites, and challenges associated with managing trial activities across multiple jurisdictions. In addition, Australian regulatory authorities may suspend, terminate, delay or require modifications to a clinical trial if safety concerns arise or if regulatory requirements are not satisfied. Any such actions could delay the development of our product candidates, increase our development costs and adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval on a timely basis or at all.

Furthermore, data generated from clinical trials conducted in Australia may be subject to additional review by the FDA and other foreign regulatory authorities. There can be no assurance that data obtained from Australian clinical trials will be accepted by the FDA or other regulators without additional studies or analyses. If regulatory authorities determine that additional clinical trials are required, or if they question the adequacy, integrity or applicability of data generated in Australia, our development timelines could be significantly extended, our costs could increase substantially, and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed or prevented.

In addition, conducting operations internationally exposes us to risks relating to currency fluctuations, cross-border data privacy requirements, supply chain disruptions, geopolitical events, changes in tax laws, employment matters and other legal and operational uncertainties. The occurrence of any of these events could adversely affect our clinical development programs, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our product candidates may exhibit undesirable side effects when used alone or in combination with other approved pharmaceutical products, which may delay or preclude its development or regulatory approval or limit its use if ever approved.

Throughout the drug development process, we must continually demonstrate the activity, safety, and tolerability of our product candidates in order to obtain regulatory approval to further advance our clinical development, or to eventually market it. Even if any of our product candidates demonstrate adequate biologic activity and clear clinical benefit, any unacceptable side effects or adverse events, when administered alone or in the presence of other pharmaceutical products, may outweigh these potential benefits. We may observe adverse or serious adverse events or drug-drug interactions in preclinical studies or clinical trials of our clinical product candidate, which could result in the delay or termination of its development, prevent regulatory approval, or limit its market acceptance if it is ultimately approved.

Adverse events caused by any of our product candidates could cause reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval. If an unacceptable frequency or severity of adverse events are reported in any clinical trials we may conduct for our product candidates, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for such clinical product candidate may be negatively impacted. In addition, adverse

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events caused by any product candidate administered in combination with our product candidates could cause similar interruptions and delays, even though not caused by our product candidates.

Furthermore, if any of our products are approved and then cause serious or unexpected side effects, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected clinical product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercialization.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face the risk of product liability exposure in connection with the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

We have obtained product liability insurance coverage in connection with our Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600. Such insurance coverage is expensive and may not be available in coverage amounts we seek or at all. We may in the future be unable to maintain such coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

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Risks Related to Dependence on Third Parties

Our most advanced product candidates depend on intellectual property licensed from third parties and termination of any of these or future licenses could result in the loss of significant rights, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are dependent on patents, know-how and proprietary technology, some of which is owned and some of which is licensed from third parties. With respect to our obesity and cardiometabolic program, we have a license to four provisional applications for a future U.S. patent application that relate to our leading anti-myostatin antibody product candidate, IBIO-600, alone and when used in combination with Activin A. In addition, we have a license to three provisional applications for a future U.S. patent application that relate to our Activin E engineered antibody candidate, IBIO-610. These licenses exist under two exclusive license agreements (the “AstralBio Licenses”) with AstralBio granting us exclusive, worldwide licenses to develop, manufacture, commercialize and otherwise exploit, IBIO-600 and IBIO-610, which are our most advanced preclinical product candidates. Any termination of these licenses could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize our product candidates. The AstralBio Licenses impose, and we expect that future license and acquisition agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payments and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our obligations under current or future intellectual property license agreements, we may be required to pay damages and the licensor may have the right to terminate the license. Any termination of these licenses could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to develop, manufacture and/or commercialize our product candidates or prevent us from doing the foregoing.

Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates. Our business also would suffer if any current or future licensors fail to abide by the terms of the license, if the licensors fail to enforce licensed patents against infringing third parties, if the licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable, or if we are unable to enter into necessary licenses on acceptable terms. Moreover, our licensors may own or control intellectual property that has not been licensed to us and, as a result, we may be subject to claims, regardless of their merit, that we are infringing or otherwise violating the licensor’s rights.

Our AI/ML platform leverages internal data as well as data from third parties. Defects in, or loss of access to, our databases or those of third parties may impair our ability to discover additional targets and develop our product candidates.

We use our AI/ML platform to improve our target discovery programs by improving the hit finding and lead optimization process and by helping us identify desired epitope targets on target proteins. Our AI/ML platform accesses and has been trained using third-party databases. If access to this data is lost or limited, or if this data becomes outdated, it may delay or otherwise adversely affect our ability to develop our product candidates. Our AI/ML platform is the subject of several patent filings in the U.S. including one issued patent and one pending patent application directed to our epitope-steering AI engine; two provisional applications for a future patent application directed to our optimized next-generation CD3 T-cell engager antibody EngageTx platform. Certain aspects of our AI/ML program are also protected by trade secrets. However, our competitors may render our approaches obsolete, by advances in existing technological approaches or the development of new or different approaches, potentially eliminating the advantages in our drug discovery process that we believe we derive from our research approach and proprietary technologies.

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Our proprietary software tools are inherently complex and may contain defects or errors. Errors may result from the interface of our hardware or proprietary software tools with our data or third-party systems and data. The risk of errors is particularly significant when new software or hardware is first introduced or when new versions or enhancements of existing software or hardware are implemented. Any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems with our software, hardware or data sets could hurt our ability to gather valuable insights that we intend to use to assist in developing our current and future product candidates and drive our drug discoveries. We outsource the majority of the core network infrastructure relating to our AI/ML platform to third-party hosting services. We have limited control, if any, over any of these third parties, and we cannot guarantee that such third-party providers will not experience system interruptions, outages or delays or deterioration in their performance. We have experienced, and expect that in the future we may again

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experience, interruptions, delays and outages in service and availability from time to time due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, website hosting disruptions and capacity constraints.

Inappropriate or controversial data practices by data scientists, engineers and end-users of our or our competitors’ products could also impair the acceptance of AI products. Though our business practices are designed to mitigate many of these risks, if we enable or offer AI products that are controversial because of their purported or real impact on human rights, privacy, employment, or other social issues, we may experience brand or reputational harm.

Our investments in deploying AI technologies may be substantial and may be more expensive than anticipated. If our AI Drug Discovery Platform does not function reliably, fails to meet expectations in terms of performance, or cannot be fully utilized due to increasing regulation or reputational concerns, we may be unable to provide such services we’ve contracted for with third parties, our customers may stop using our products, or our competitors may incorporate AI technology into their products or services more successfully than we do, all of which may impair our ability to effectively compete in the market.

For any clinical product candidates we may develop we will rely on third-party contract manufacturers. Any manufacturing problems experienced by us could result in a delay or interruption in the supply of our clinical product candidate until the problem is cured or until we locate and qualify an alternative source of manufacturing and supply.

We currently do not intend to manufacture any clinical product candidates we may develop and currently intend to rely upon a third-party manufacturer to manufacture such product candidates. If we were to experience any prolonged disruption for our manufacturing, we could be forced to seek additional third-party manufacturing contracts, thereby increasing our development costs and negatively impacting our timelines and any commercialization costs. Although we believe there are other manufacturers that could manufacture any of our product candidates we develop, they may not do so on favorable term. In addition, if we change manufacturers at any point once we commence clinical trials or after approval of a product candidate, we will be required to demonstrate comparability between the product manufactured by the old manufacturer and the product manufactured by the new manufacturer. If we are unable to do so we may need to conduct additional clinical trials with product manufactured by the new manufacturer.

If we or any outsourced manufacturer of our products are not able to manufacture sufficient quantities of our clinical product candidate, our development activities would be impaired. In addition, any manufacturing facility where any of our clinical product candidates are manufactured will be subject to ongoing, periodic inspection by the FDA or other comparable regulatory agencies to ensure compliance with cGMP. Any failure to follow and document the manufacturer’s adherence to such cGMP regulations or other regulatory requirements may lead to significant delays in the availability of clinical bulk drug substance and finished product for clinical trials, which may result in the termination of or a hold on a clinical trial, or may delay or prevent filing or approval of marketing applications for our clinical product candidate. We also may encounter problems with the following:

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If we encounter any of these problems or are otherwise delayed, or if the cost of manufacturing is not economically feasible or we cannot find another third-party manufacturer, we may not be able to produce our clinical product candidate in a sufficient quantity to meet future demand.

These risks are likely to be exacerbated by our limited experience with our current products and manufacturing processes. If demand for our products materializes, we may have to invest additional resources to purchase materials, hire and train employees, and enhance our manufacturing processes or those of third-party manufacturers. It may not be possible for us to manufacture our clinical product candidate at a cost or in quantities sufficient to make its clinical product candidate commercially viable. Any of these factors may affect our ability to manufacture our products and could reduce gross margins and profitability.

We rely, and intend to rely in the future, on third-party CDMOs to produce our product candidates for our clinical studies who are expected to purchase materials from third-party vendors and transport the materials necessary to produce them, such as the required reagents and containers. This reliance on CDMOs and third-party vendors that we do not own or operate exposes us to various risks, including:

If we rely on a third-party contract manufacturer or its suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of our clinical product candidate required for our clinical trials and, if approved, for commercial sale, on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to find one or more replacement manufacturers or suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, in substantially equivalent volumes and quality, and on a timely basis, we would likely be unable to meet demand for our products and would have to delay or terminate our pre-clinical or clinical trials, and we would lose potential revenue. It may also take significant time to establish an alternative source of supply for our clinical product candidate and to have such new source approved by the FDA or any applicable foreign regulatory authorities. If we change manufacturers at any point during the development process or after approval of a product candidate, we will be required to demonstrate comparability between the product manufactured by the old manufacturer and the product manufactured by the new manufacturer. If we are unable to do so, we may need to conduct additional studies or clinical trials with product manufactured by the new manufacturer. Furthermore, any of the above factors could

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cause the delay or suspension of initiation or completion of clinical trials, regulatory submissions or required approvals of our clinical product candidate, cause it to incur higher costs and could prevent us from commercializing our clinical product candidate successfully.

If we are unable to establish new collaborations and maintain both new and existing collaborations, or if these collaborations are not successful, our business could be adversely affected.

Our current business plan contemplates that we will in the future derive revenues or payments from collaborators and licensees that successfully utilize iBio technologies in connection with the production, development and commercialization of vaccines and therapeutic protein product candidates. Our realization of these revenues and payments including dependence on existing collaborations, and any future collaborations we enter into, is subject to a number of risks, including the following:

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If our collaborations do not result in the successful development and commercialization of products or if one or more of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research and development funding or milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. If we do not receive the funding we expect under these agreements, our continued development of our product candidates could be delayed, and we may need additional resources to develop additional product candidates. There can be no assurance that our collaborations will produce positive results or successful products on a timely basis or at all.

We seek to establish and collaborate with additional pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for development and potential commercialization of iBio technology-produced and iBio technology-enhanced product candidates. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration depends, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of several factors. If we fail to reach agreements with suitable collaborators on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay its development or the development of one or more of our other product candidates, or increase our expenditures and undertake additional development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to fund and undertake development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

If we fail to enter into collaborations and do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market or continue to develop our product portfolio and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

If third parties on whom we or our licensees will rely for the conduct of preclinical studies and clinical trials do not perform as contractually required or as we expect, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business may suffer.

We have limited resources dedicated to designing, conducting, and managing our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We do not have the ability to independently conduct the preclinical studies and clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. We have engaged a CRO to conduct the Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 in Australia and expect to depend on independent clinical investigators, CROs, and other third-party service providers to conduct the future clinical trials of our product candidates. We rely on these vendors and individuals to perform many facets of the clinical development process on our behalf, including conducting preclinical studies and we rely on them for the recruitment of sites and subjects for participation in our clinical trials, maintenance of good relations with the clinical sites, and ensuring that these sites are conducting our trials in compliance with the trial protocol and applicable regulations.

We will rely heavily on these parties for successful execution of our clinical trials but will not control many aspects of their activities. For example, the investigators participating in our clinical trials will not be our employees. However, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Third parties may not complete activities on schedule or may not conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols. The failure of these third parties to carry out their obligations could delay or prevent the development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates. If these third parties fail to perform satisfactorily, or do not adequately fulfill their obligations under the terms of our agreements with them, we may not be able to enter into alternative arrangements without undue delay or additional expenditures, and therefore the preclinical studies and clinical trials of our clinical product candidate may be delayed or prove unsuccessful.

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Further, the FDA, the Australian TGA, the EMA, or similar regulatory authorities in other countries, may inspect some of the clinical sites participating in our clinical trials or our third-party vendors’ sites to determine if our clinical trials are being conducted according to good clinical practices, or GCPs, or similar regulations. If we or a regulatory authority determine that our third-party vendors are not in compliance with or have not conducted our clinical trials according to applicable regulations, we may be forced to exclude certain data from the results of the trial, or delay, repeat or terminate such clinical trials. We cannot be certain that, upon inspection, such regulatory authorities will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with the GCP requirements. We also are required to register certain ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within specified timeframes. Failure to do so can result in civil monetary penalties, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions. The FDA and National Institutes of Health have signaled the government’s willingness to begin enforcing these registration and reporting requirements against non-compliant clinical trial sponsors. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

Our failure or any failure by these third parties to comply with these regulations would delay the regulatory approval process. Moreover, our business may be implicated if any of these third parties violate federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws.

Any third parties conducting aspects of our preclinical studies or clinical trials will not be our employees and, except for remedies that may be available to us under our agreements with such third parties, we cannot control whether they devote sufficient time and resources to our preclinical studies and clinical trials. The third party CROs and clinical trial sites that conduct our clinical trials may experience staffing shortages and the inability of a CRO or clinical trial site to maintain appropriate levels of competent staffing to support the demands of our clinical trials could negatively impact the execution of our clinical trials. These third parties may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other product development activities, which could affect their performance on our behalf. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the preclinical or clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our development timelines, including clinical development timelines, may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to complete development of, receive regulatory approval of or successfully commercialize our product candidates.

If any of our relationships with these third party CROs or others terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or other third parties or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Switching or adding additional CROs involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO begins work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

We rely on third parties to supply the raw materials needed to operate our research and development activities and do not have any long-term commitments from such suppliers.

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We currently rely on third parties for the raw materials needed to operate our research and development activities. We do not have any long-term commitments from any raw material suppliers and therefore cannot guarantee that there will be adequate supply of our raw materials. Natural disasters or other disruptions at any of our suppliers’ facilities may impair or delay the delivery of our products. Influenza or other pandemics, such as the coronavirus, could disrupt production of our products, reduce demand for certain of our products, or disrupt the marketplace in the food service or retail environment with consequent material adverse effects on our results of operations. To the extent we are unable to, or cannot, financially mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events, or effectively manage such events if they occur, particularly when a product is sourced from a single location, there could be a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and additional resources could be required to restore our supply chain. Although we believe we have sufficient

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supply of our other raw materials at this time, due to supply chain shortages, we may not be able to obtain such materials in the future if our current suppliers should be unable to satisfy our needs. Such suppliers may not be able to provide us with raw materials in a timely manner due to supply chain shortages and even if other suppliers are able to fulfill our needs they may not be able to do so at the same price as we currently pay for such materials, which could result in higher expense and lower profit margins or us increasing the price of our services in order to maintain profit margins which could adversely impact demand for our services.

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Our use of hazardous and biological materials could result in us being liable for damages.

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Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals. We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations in the United States governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials and chemicals. Although we believe that our procedures for using, handling, storing and disposing of these materials comply with legally prescribed standards, we may incur significant additional costs to comply with applicable laws in the future. Also, even if we are in compliance with applicable laws, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from hazardous materials or chemicals. As a result of any such contamination or injury, we may incur liability or local, city, state or federal authorities may curtail the use of these materials and interrupt our business operations. In the event of an accident, we could be held liable for damages or penalized with fines, and the liability could exceed our resources. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our contract manufacturing operations, which could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Any claims beyond our insurance coverage limits, or that are otherwise not covered by our insurance, may result in substantial costs and a reduction in our available capital resources.

We maintain property insurance, employer’s liability insurance, product liability insurance, general liability insurance, business interruption insurance, and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, among others. Although we maintain what we believe to be adequate insurance coverage, potential claims may exceed the amount of insurance coverage or may be excluded under the terms of the policy, which could cause an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results from operations. Generally, we would be at risk for the loss of inventory that is not within customer specifications. These amounts could be significant. In addition, in the future we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage, or we may be required to pay higher premiums and accept higher deductibles in order to secure adequate insurance coverage.

We may be subject to various litigation claims and legal proceedings.

We, as well as certain of our directors and officers, may be subject to claims or lawsuits during the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, these lawsuits may result in significant legal fees and expenses and could divert management’s time and other resources. If the claims contained in these lawsuits are successfully asserted against us, we could be liable for damages and be required to alter or cease certain of our business practices. Any of these outcomes could cause our business, financial performance and cash position to be negatively impacted.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we or our licensors are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be impaired.

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies and product candidates, and by maintenance of our trade secrets through proper procedures.

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The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost, in a timely manner, or in all jurisdictions. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States and we may fail to seek or obtain patent protection in all major markets. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions, nor can we know whether those from whom we license patents were the first to make the inventions claimed or were the first to file. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the U.S. PTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Even if our pending or future patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our partners’ or collaborators’ proprietary information, we may be subject to claims.

The research and development processes developed by us or our partners’ or collaborators’ products are subject to trade secret protection, patents or other intellectual property protections owned or licensed by such partners. While we make significant efforts to protect our partners’ proprietary and confidential information, including requiring our employees to enter into agreements protecting such information, if any of our employees breaches the non-disclosure provisions in such agreements, or if our partners make claims that their proprietary information has been disclosed, our reputation may suffer damage and we may become subject to legal proceedings that could require us to incur significant expenses and divert our management’s time, attention and resources.

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We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately unsuccessful.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Competitors may infringe our issued patents or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their intellectual property. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims narrowly or refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, which could adversely affect us and our collaborators.

While no such litigation has been brought against us and we have not been held by any court to have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights, we cannot guarantee that our technology, products or use of our products do not infringe third-party patents. It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000, and certain applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing date, which is referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our products or technology could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our technologies, our products or the use of our products.

We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, including interference or derivation proceedings before the U.S. PTO and similar bodies in other countries. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing intellectual property rights and intellectual property rights that may be granted in the future.

If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing and marketing our products and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.

In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

In spite of our efforts, our licensors might allege that we have materially breached our obligations under such license agreements and might therefore attempt to terminate the license agreements, thereby removing, limiting or terminating our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these license agreements. If these in-licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties might have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization of our lead products or other product candidates that we may identify. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

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Moreover, disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including:

In addition, the agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products, including generics or biosimilars. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we are unable to protect our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also seek to enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Our trade secrets may also be obtained by third parties by other means, such as breaches of our physical or computer security systems. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate

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it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patent filings and other intellectual property.

Many of our employees, including our senior management, were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. These employees typically executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements in connection with their previous employers. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. We or our licensors may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets, or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we or our licensors may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or our or our licensors’ ownership of our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, intellectual property that is important to our product candidates. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, while we require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

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Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

If we should fail to comply with various patent laws our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated.

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Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we employ an outside firm and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market and this circumstance would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Changes in patent law, including recent patent reform legislation, could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. After March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, enacted in

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September 2011, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after March 2013, but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either (i) file any patent application related to our product candidates or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our or our licensor’s patents or patent applications. In addition, the patent positions of companies in the development and commercialization of pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a material adverse effect on our existing patent portfolio and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property in the future.

Risks Related to iBio’s Operations

The loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our key executive officers. To continue to develop our pipeline and execute our strategy, we also must attract and retain highly skilled personnel in our industry.

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A failure by us to hire and retain an appropriately skilled and adequate workforce could adversely impact the ability to operate our R&D facility efficiently.

Our operations depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain an appropriately skilled and sufficient workforce to operate our R&D facility. These employees may voluntarily terminate their employment with us at any time. The R&D facility is located in San Diego, California, a growing biotechnology hub and competition for skilled workers will continue to increase as the industry undergoes further growth in the area. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain key personnel, or to attract and retain additional qualified employees especially in light of our cash position. Our inability to attract and retain key personnel as we grow in two locations may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Use of our laboratory space in San Diego is critical to our success. A natural disaster or other disruptions at our laboratory would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We currently conduct all of our pre-clinical research at our laboratory in San Diego using specialized equipment that we have purchased.  Any natural disaster or other serious disruption to our facility due to fire, flood, earthquake, or any other unforeseen circumstance would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Although we do believe that we could find alternative space in the case of a natural disaster, there can be no assurance that we will find suitable space near the location of our employees or that our equipment will survive a natural disaster. The occurrence of any disruption at our laboratory, even for a short period of time, may have an adverse effect on our research and development operations, during and after the period of the disruption. Although we maintain property, casualty, and business interruption insurance of the types and in the amounts that we believe are customary for the industry, we are not fully insured against all potential natural disasters or other disruptions to our laboratory.

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We may be unable to manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

We intend to grow our business operations as demand increases and increase the number of our employees to accommodate such potential growth, which may cause us to experience periods of rapid growth and expansion. This potential future growth could create a strain on our organizational, administrative and operational infrastructure, including manufacturing

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operations, quality control, technical support and other administrative functions. Our ability to manage our growth properly will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls.

As our commercial operations and sales volume grow, we will need to continue to increase our capacity for manufacturing, customer service, billing and general process improvements and expand our internal quality assurance program, among other things. We may also need to purchase additional equipment, some of which can take several months or more to procure, set up and validate, and increase our manufacturing, maintenance, software and computing capacity to meet increased demand. These increases in scale, expansion of personnel, purchase of equipment or process enhancements may not be successfully implemented.

If we acquire companies, products or technologies, we may face integration risks and costs associated with those acquisitions that could negatively impact our business, results from operations and financial condition.

If we are presented with appropriate opportunities, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products or technologies. We may not realize the anticipated benefit of any acquisition or investment. If we acquire companies or technologies, we will face risks, uncertainties and disruptions associated with the integration process, including difficulties in the integration of the operations of an acquired company, integration of acquired technology with our products, diversion of our management’s attention from other business concerns, the potential loss of key employees or customers of the acquired business, and impairment charges if future acquisitions are not as successful as we originally anticipate. In addition, our operating results may suffer because of acquisition-related costs or amortization expenses or charges relating to acquired intangible assets. Any failure to successfully integrate other companies, products, or technologies that we may acquire may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Furthermore, we may have to incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any additional future acquisitions or investments, the issuance of which could be dilutive to our existing stockholders.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, malware, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber-terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our current or future product development programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or any future ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur material legal claims and liability, damage to our reputation, and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.

We rely extensively on our information technology systems and are vulnerable to damage and interruption, including cybersecurity and data leakage risks.

We rely on our information technology systems and infrastructure to process transactions, summarize results and manage our business, including maintaining client and supplier information. Additionally, we utilize third parties, including cloud providers, to store, transfer and process data. Our information technology systems, as well as the systems of our suppliers and other partners, whose systems we do not control, are vulnerable to outages and an increasing risk of continually evolving deliberate intrusions to gain access to company sensitive information. Likewise, data security incidents and breaches by employees and others with or without permitted access to our systems pose a risk that sensitive data may be exposed to unauthorized persons or to the public. A cyber-attack or other significant disruption involving our information technology systems, or those of our vendors, suppliers and other partners, could also result in disruptions in critical systems, corruption or loss of data and theft of data, funds or intellectual property.  A security breach of any kind, including

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physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and attacks by hackers, employees or others, could expose us to risks of data loss, litigation, government enforcement actions, regulatory penalties and costly response measures, and could seriously disrupt our operations. We may be unable to prevent outages or security breaches in our systems.  We remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or yet unknown threats as, in some instances, we, our suppliers and our other partners may be unaware of an incident or its magnitude and effects.  We also face the risk that we expose our vendors or partners to cybersecurity attacks.  Any or all of the foregoing could harm our reputation and adversely affect our results of operations and our business reputation.

Any failure to maintain the security of information relating to our patients, customers, employees and suppliers, whether as a result of cybersecurity attacks or otherwise, could expose us to litigation, government enforcement actions and costly response measures, and could disrupt our operations and harm our reputation.

In connection with the pre-clinical and clinical development, sales and marketing of our products and services, we may from time to time transmit confidential information. We also have access to, collect or maintain private or confidential information regarding our clinical trials and the patients enrolled therein, employees, and suppliers, as well as our business. Cyberattacks are rapidly evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated. It is possible that computer hackers and others might compromise our security measures, or security measures of those parties that we do business with now or in the future, and obtain the personal information of patients in our clinical trials, vendors, employees and suppliers or our business information. A security breach of any kind, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and attacks by hackers, employees or others, could expose us to risks of data loss, litigation, government enforcement actions, regulatory penalties and costly response measures, and could seriously disrupt our operations. Any resulting negative publicity could significantly harm our reputation, which could cause us to lose market share and have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Failure to comply with health care privacy and data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business.

We, our CROs, and any potential collaborators may be subject to strict and changing federal, state, and foreign data protection laws and regulations (i.e., laws and regulations that address privacy and data security) and policies and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security. In the U.S., numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including federal health information privacy laws, state data breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws, and federal and state consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), that govern the collection, use, disclosure and protection of health-related and other personal information could apply to our operations or the operations of our CROs and collaborators. In addition, we may obtain health information from third parties (including research institutions from which we obtain clinical trial data) that are subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we could be subject to civil, criminal, and administrative penalties if we knowingly obtain, use, or disclose individually identifiable health information maintained by a HIPAA-covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA.

Compliance with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, use and disclose data, or in some cases, impact our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil, criminal and administrative penalties), private litigation, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, clinical trial subjects, employees and other individuals about whom we or our potential collaborators obtain personal information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may limit our ability to collect, use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws, or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business.

Outside the United States, an increasing number of laws, regulations, and industry standards govern data privacy and security. For example, the EU GDPR and the UK GDPR impose strict requirements for processing personal data. For

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example, under the GDPR, companies may face temporary or definitive bans on data processing and other corrective actions; fines of up to 20 million Euros under the EU GDPR, 17.5 million pounds sterling under the UK GDPR or, in each case, 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater; or private litigation related to processing of personal data brought by classes of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at law to represent their interests.

In addition, in the past few years, California, Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, and other states have enacted comprehensive privacy laws that impose certain obligations on covered businesses, including providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording residents with certain rights concerning their personal data. As applicable, such rights may include the right to access, correct, or delete certain personal data, and to opt-out of certain data processing activities, such as targeted advertising, profiling, and automated decision-making. The exercise of these rights may impact our business and ability to provide our products and services. Certain states also impose stricter requirements for processing certain personal data, including sensitive information, such as conducting data privacy impact assessments. These state laws allow for statutory fines for noncompliance. For example, the CCPA applies to personal information of consumers, business representatives, and employees who are California residents, and requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and honor requests of such individuals to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per intentional violation and allows private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages. Although the CCPA and similar state laws exempt certain data processed in the context of clinical trials, such exemptions are limited in scope and do not extend to all personal data we process in connection with our clinical trial activities, including data relating to our employees, contractors, clinical trial site personnel, investigators, and business contacts.

We may also be subject to new laws governing the privacy of consumer health data. For example, Washington’s MHMD Act broadly defines consumer health data, places restrictions on processing consumer health data (including imposing stringent requirements for consents), provides consumers certain rights with respect to their health data, and creates a private right of action to allow individuals to sue for violations of the law. Other states, including Nevada and Connecticut, have adopted or are considering similar consumer health data laws. We anticipate that more states will pass similar laws in the future. These developments further complicate compliance efforts, and increase legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties upon whom we rely. The effects of state and federal privacy laws are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and potential liability in an effort to comply with such legislation. We continue to monitor the impact that the state consumer privacy and protection laws, like the CCPA and the MHMD Act, may have on our business activities. See the section in this Annual Report entitled “Business – Government Regulation and Product Approval – Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements” and “Business – Government Regulation and Product Approval –Data Privacy.”  

The use of AI and ML technologies in our business operations and product offerings may expose us to risks that could harm our competitive position and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The development and use of AI present risks and challenges that could adversely affect our business. We may use AI and ML technologies in various aspects of our operations, including drug discovery, clinical trial design, and data analysis. The use of AI and ML in our business may implicate AI-specific data privacy and security obligations and regulations and increased scrutiny. For example, the EU AI Act establishes a risk-based regulatory framework for AI systems, including requirements for high-risk AI applications. Additionally, various U.S. states and federal agencies are considering or have adopted laws and guidance regarding the use of AI. We expect other jurisdictions will adopt similar laws. Additionally, certain privacy laws extend rights to consumers (such as the right to delete certain personal data) and regulate automated decision making, which may be incompatible with our use of AI/ML. These obligations may make it harder for us to conduct our business using AI/ML, lead to regulatory fines or penalties, require us to change our business practices or retrain our AI/ML or prevent or limit our use of AI/ML. For example, the Federal Trade Commission has required other companies to turn over (or disgorge) valuable insights or trainings generated through the use of AI/ML where they allege the company has violated privacy and consumer protection laws. Compliance with existing and emerging AI regulations may require us to modify our use of AI and ML technologies, implement additional governance and oversight measures, or limit our ability to use such technologies. If we cannot use AI/ML or our use is restricted, our preclinical research and development programs may be less efficient, or we may be at a competitive disadvantage. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could prevent us from leveraging our AI/ML capability and software to help us develop our product

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candidates more efficiently than existing industry tools and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

The procurement of third-party AI tools and the development of AI/ML platform have required, and are expected to continue requiring, significant investment, and if, for the reasons described below and other reasons, we are unable to realize the benefits of this investment, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our competitors or other third parties may incorporate AI into their products more quickly or more successfully than us, or otherwise leverage AI in a manner that adversely impacts our business, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our results of operations. Additionally, if the content, analyses, or recommendations that AI applications assist in producing are or are alleged to be deficient, inaccurate, inappropriate, or biased, or if the use of AI results in, or is alleged to have resulted in, the infringement of the intellectual property of third parties or violations of other rights of third parties, we may be subject to legal claims or liability and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. The use of AI applications may result in data leakage or unauthorized exposure of data, including confidential business information, the personal data of end users, or other sensitive information. Such leakage or unauthorized exposure of data related to the use of AI applications could result in legal claims or liability or otherwise adversely affect our reputation and results of operations. AI also presents emerging ethical and regulatory issues and if our use of AI becomes controversial, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability. The rapid evolution of AI, including the development of government regulation of AI and automated decision-making technology more generally, may require significant resources to continually develop, test, and maintain our platform so that we can implement AI and automated decision-making technology in a manner that complies with applicable laws and regulations. Increased regulation could also limit or impair our ability to develop and deploy AI technology within our platform. If we fail to effectively implement, manage, or adapt to AI technologies, or if we are unable to address the risks associated with their use, we may be exposed to reputational harm, liability, loss of proprietary information, or competitive disadvantage, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Changes in general economic conditions, geopolitical conditions, domestic and foreign trade policies, monetary policies and other factors beyond our control may adversely impact our business and operating results.

Continuing concerns over U.S. health care reform legislation and energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit and government stimulus programs in the United States and other countries have contributed to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the global economy. These factors, combined with low business and consumer confidence, could precipitate an economic slowdown and recession. Additionally, political changes in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world have created a level of uncertainty in the markets. If the economic climate does not improve or deteriorate, our business, as well as the financial condition of our suppliers and our third-party payors, could be adversely affected, resulting in a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Inflation rates, particularly in the United States, have increased recently to levels not seen in years, and increased inflation may result in increases in our operating costs (including our labor costs), reduced liquidity and limits on our ability to access credit or otherwise raise capital. In an inflationary environment, such cost increases may outpace our expectations, causing us to use cash faster than forecasted. In addition, the Federal Reserve has raised, and may again raise, interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks.

Changes in U.S. or international social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing trade, manufacturing, development and investment in the countries where we currently conduct our business could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. Changes or proposed changes in U.S. or other countries’ trade policies may result in restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade. The U.S. government has recently imposed, or is currently considering imposing, tariffs on certain trade partners. Tariffs, economic sanctions and other changes in U.S. trade policy have in the past and could in the future trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, and certain foreign governments have instituted or are considering imposing retaliatory measures on certain U.S. goods. Further, any emerging protectionist or nationalist trends (whether regulatory- or consumer-driven) either in the United States or in other countries could affect the trade environment. Our business, like many other corporations, would be impacted by changes to the trade policies of the United States and foreign countries (including

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governmental action related to tariffs, international trade agreements, or economic sanctions). Such changes have the potential to adversely impact the U.S. economy or certain sectors thereof, the global economy, and our industry, and as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Actual events involving reduced or limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems.

In addition, the global macroeconomic environment could be negatively affected by, among other things, pandemics or epidemics, instability in global economic markets, increased U.S. trade tariffs and trade disputes with other countries, instability in the global credit markets, supply chain weaknesses, instability in the geopolitical environment as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the war in the Middle East and other political tensions, and foreign governmental debt concerns. Such challenges have caused, and may continue to cause, uncertainty and instability in local economies and in global financial markets.

We are actively monitoring the effects these disruptions and increasing inflation could have on our operations. These conditions make it extremely difficult for us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities.

Global climate change and related regulations could negatively affect our business.

There are concerns that increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have caused, and may continue to cause, increases in global temperatures, changes in weather patterns and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters and extreme weather events. Climate change has the potential to impact our business in numerous ways. The physical impacts of climate change, such as an increase in the frequency and severity of storms and flooding, may increase volatility in the supply chain, which could affect the availability, quality and cost of raw materials, and disruption to our clinical trials. We could also face indirect financial risks passed through the supply chain and disruptions that could result in increased operating expenses. In addition, governmental authorities in various countries have enacted or proposed, and are likely to continue to propose, legislation and regulation regarding public reporting, business practices and marketing of goods related to sustainability and social matters, including reducing or mitigating the impacts of climate change. Various countries and regions are following different approaches to the regulation of these matters, which could increase the complexity of, and potential cost related to complying with, such regulations and lead to risks associated with non-compliance. Any of the foregoing may require us to make additional investments. Failure to monitor, adapt, build resilience and develop solutions against the physical and transitional impacts from climate change may negatively impact our results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

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Our stockholders will experience substantial dilution from the issuance of shares of common stock upon the exercise of the warrants issued in our August 2025 underwritten public offering. Raising additional capital may also cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates. Further, our stockholders will experience substantial dilution from the issuance of certain development milestone payments if paid in equity.

As of the date of this Annual Report, up to 109,090,911 shares of common stock are issuable upon the exercise of the warrants issued or issuable in connection with the 2025 Offering, the issuance of which will result in substantial dilution to the existing holders of our common stock and will increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. We are also seeking the approval of our stockholders to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock. If such proposal is approved and additional shares of common stock are ultimately issued, that would also result in substantial dilution to our existing common stockholders.

Until such time as we can generate substantial development, manufacturing, license or product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, collaborations, strategic alliances, service contracts,

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manufacturing contracts, facility build-out and technology transfer contracts, licensing and other arrangements. Sources of funds may not be available or, if available, may not be available on terms satisfactory to us.

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms, such as liquidation and other preferences, which are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. Should the financing we require to sustain our working capital needs be unavailable or prohibitively expensive when we require it, our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected, and we may be unable to continue our operations.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through a public or private offering and sale of equity securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Sales of our common stock offered through current or future equity offerings may result in substantial dilution to our stockholders. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock to investors, or anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.

We have the option to pay the contingent development milestone consideration owed to the RubrYc shareholders in shares of our common stock. Our stockholders will experience substantial dilution from the issuance of shares of common stock to pay the contingent development milestone consideration, should we elect to pay such development milestones in shares of common stock in lieu of cash and may not realize a benefit from the acquisition of substantially all of the assets RubrYc commensurate with the ownership dilution they will experience in connection therewith.

Our failure to meet the listing requirements of Nasdaq could result in a delisting of our common stock. Our ability to publicly or privately sell equity securities and the liquidity of our common stock could be adversely affected if our common stock is delisted.

Our common stock is currently listed for trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market, and the continued listing of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market is subject to our compliance with a number of listing standards. On July 29, 2025, we received a notice from Nasdaq that because the closing bid price for our common stock had fallen below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days, we no longer complied with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. We had a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until January 26, 2026, to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and on November 4, 2025, Nasdaq notified us that we had regained compliance with the in compliance Minimum Bid Price Requirement. 

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If we fail to continue to meet all applicable continued listing requirements for Nasdaq in the future, Nasdaq could delist our securities. There can be no assurance that we would be eligible for additional time to regain compliance, if applicable, that we will regain such compliance, or that we will maintain compliance with all applicable continued listing requirement for Nasdaq in the future, and Nasdaq could make a determination to delist our common stock.

Any delisting determination by Nasdaq could seriously decrease or eliminate the value of an investment in our common stock and other securities linked to our common stock. Delisting from Nasdaq would significantly affect the ability of investors to trade our securities and would negatively affect the value and liquidity of our common stock, and could adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing through the public or private sale of equity securities or result in potential breaches under or terminations of our agreements with third parties. Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

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Provisions in our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and provisions of applicable Delaware law may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or other change in control that a stockholder may consider favorable. Pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, our Board of Directors may issue additional shares of common stock or preferred stock. Any additional issuance of common stock could have the effect of impeding or discouraging the acquisition of control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, including a transaction in which our stockholders would receive a premium over the market price for their shares, and thereby protect the continuity of our management. Specifically, if in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, the Board of Directors were to determine that a takeover proposal was not in our best interest, shares could be issued by our Board of Directors without stockholder approval in one or more transactions that might prevent or render more difficult or costly the completion of the takeover by:

Our certificate of incorporation also allows our Board of Directors to fix the number of directors in the by-laws. Our certificate of incorporation does not contemplate cumulative voting in the election of directors and thus, under Delaware law, cumulative voting in the election of directors is not permitted. Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes, each of which serves for a staggered term of three years. This division of our Board of Directors could have the effect of impeding an attempt to take over our company or change or remove management, since only one class will be elected annually. Thus, only approximately one-third of the existing Board of Directors could be replaced at any election of directors.

The effect of these provisions may be to delay or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that a stockholder may determine to be in his, her or its best interest, including attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by the stockholders.

Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

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Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and the forum selection provision does not apply to claims arising exclusively under the Exchange Act or the Investment Company Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

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This forum selection provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring certain claims in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. If a court were to find this forum selection provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

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The issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the rights of the holders of shares of our common stock.

Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock without any further action on the part of our stockholders. Our Board of Directors has the authority to fix and determine the voting rights, rights of redemption and other rights and preferences of preferred stock. Our Board of Directors may, at any time, designate a new series of preferred stock that would grant to holders the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, the right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to the holders of common stock, and the right to the redemption of the shares, together with a premium, before the redemption of our common stock and authorize the issuance of such series of preferred stock, which may have a material adverse effect on the rights of the holders of our common stock. In addition, our Board of Directors, without further stockholder approval, may, at any time, issue large blocks of preferred stock. In addition, the ability of our Board of Directors to designate and issue shares of preferred stock without any further action on the part of our stockholders may impede a takeover of our company and may prevent a transaction that is favorable to our stockholders.

We do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and growth of our business and currently do not plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, only appreciation of the price of our common stock will provide a return to stockholders for the foreseeable future.

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Holders of our warrants issued in our offerings have no rights as common stockholders until they exercise their warrants and acquire our common stock.

Until the holders of the warrants we issued in our offerings acquire shares of our common stock by exercising their warrants, the holders of the warrants have no rights as a stockholder with respect to the shares of common stock underlying their securities. Upon exercise of the warrants they will be entitled to the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

Whether the outstanding warrants will have any value will depend on the market conditions for, and the price of, our common stock, which conditions will depend on factors related and unrelated to the success of our clinical development program, and cannot be predicted at this time. If our common stock price does not increase to an amount sufficiently above the exercise price of the warrants during the periods the warrants are exercisable, holders of warrants will be unable to recover any of their investment in the warrants.

Because there is no established public trading market for any of our warrants we issued, the liquidity of each such security is limited. We do not expect a market to develop, nor do we intend to apply to list the warrants on any securities exchange. Upon exercise of the warrants, our stockholders will experience dilution.

The market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile and adversely affected by various factors.

Our stock price has fluctuated in the past, has recently been volatile and may be volatile in the future. By way of example, on February 26, 2026, the price of our common stock closed at $3.07 per share while on July 22, 2026, our stock price closed at $1.39 per share. We may incur rapid and substantial decreases in our stock price in the foreseeable future that are unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our common stock. The market price of our common stock could fluctuate significantly in response to various factors and events, including:

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These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. Since the stock price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past, has been recently volatile and may be volatile in the future, investors in our common stock could incur substantial losses. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. There can be no guarantee that our stock price will remain at current prices or that future sales of our common stock will not be at prices lower than those sold to investors.

Reports published by securities or industry analysts, including projections in those reports that exceed our actual results, could adversely affect our common stock price and trading volume.

Securities research analysts, including those affiliated with our underwriters from prior offerings, establish and publish their own periodic reports about and projections for our business. These projections may vary widely from one another and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our stock price may decline if our actual results do not match securities research analysts’ projections. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who writes reports on us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or if one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, our stock price or trading volume could decline. While we expect securities research analyst coverage to continue going forward, if no securities or industry analysts begin to cover us, the trading price for our stock and the trading volume could be adversely affected.

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We are a “smaller reporting company”, and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Exchange Act. We may remain a smaller reporting company until we have a non-affiliate public float in excess of $250 million or annual revenues in excess of $100 million and a non-affiliate public float in excess of $700 million, each as determined on an annual basis. For so long as we remain smaller reporting company, we are permitted and may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on such exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the market price of our common stock may be more volatile.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

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We face risks from cybersecurity threats that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or reputation. iBio acknowledges that the risk of cyber incidents is prevalent in the current threat landscape and that a future cyber incident may occur in the normal course of its business. To date, we have not had a cybersecurity incident. We proactively seek to detect and investigate unauthorized attempts and attacks against our IT assets, data, and services, and to prevent their occurrence and recurrence where practicable through changes or updates to internal processes and tools and changes or updates to service delivery; however, potential vulnerabilities to known or unknown threats will remain. Further, there is increasing regulation regarding responses to cybersecurity incidents, including reporting to regulators, investors, and additional stakeholders, which could subject us to additional liability and reputational harm. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for more information on cybersecurity risks.

Item 2. Properties.

Biopharmaceutical R&D Facility

On September 11, 2021, iBio entered into a lease with SAN DIEGO INSPIRE 4, LLC for approximately 11,383 square feet of laboratory and office space at 11750 Sorrento Valley Road in San Diego, CA. The lease commenced in September 2022. The lease is for seven years and four months. The lease is triple net with base rent starting at $4.50 per month per square foot escalating approximately 3.0% per year during the lease term. We use the facility primarily for R&D associated with our AI Drug Discovery Platform and our biologic product portfolio. We believe that the facility is adequate for our current operations and needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Lawsuits

We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. Litigation, regardless of the outcome, could have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the trading symbol “IBIO.”

Holders

On August 27, 2026, there were 22 stockholders of record of our common stock, one of which was Cede & Co., a nominee for Depository Trust Company, or DTC. All of the shares of our common stock held by brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions as nominees for beneficial owners are deposited into participant accounts at DTC and are therefore considered to be held of record by Cede & Co. as one stock.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. Dividends on our common stock cannot be declared or paid or set aside for payment or other distribution unless all accrued dividends on all outstanding shares of Preferred Tracking Stock are paid in full.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There were no sales of unregistered securities during the quarter ended June 30, 2026 other than as set forth in documents previously filed by the Company with the SEC.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not purchase any of our equity securities during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026.

For information regarding our equity compensation plans, see PART III ITEM 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.”

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Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and the notes thereto and other information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Report to “iBio,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” and similar terms mean iBio, Inc.

Overview

We are developing next-generation antibody medicines for obesity and its cardiometabolic and cardiopulmonary complications. One of the most important advances in modern obesity treatment has been the emergence of GLP-1 receptor agonists and other incretin-based therapies. These drugs have transformed the field by enabling weight loss that, in some cases, rivals the effects of invasive bariatric surgery. But as physicians and patients gain real-world experience, it’s becoming increasingly clear first-generation therapies, while groundbreaking, leave important gaps.

Our approach to the evolving needs in obesity treatment is facilitated by our fully integrated antibody discovery platform, designed from the ground up for precision, speed and developability. At the core of our AI Drug Discovery Platform is an AI-enabled epitope steering engine enabling us to precisely direct antibodies to functional hotspots on even the most challenging targets—often considered undruggable. When combined with our antibody optimization platform, which deeply integrates generative AI tools with mammalian display technology, we can progress from concept to development-ready antibody in as little as seven months.

In essence, we believe we are sculpting a future where cutting-edge AI-driven biotechnology propels the discovery of intricate biologics, fostering partnerships, accelerating innovation, and propelling the advancement of science.

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The current product candidate pipeline is set forth below.

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IBIO-610

By leveraging our AI Drug Discovery Platform, we believe we have successfully identified the first antibody inhibiting Activin E. Preclinical data from multiple in vitro cell-based assays, including one on a human adipocyte cell line, demonstrated robust blockade of Activin E-mediated signaling. The antibody has been evaluated in multiple pre-clinical

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studies in a model of DIO in mice, both alone with bi-weekly dosing and in combination with semaglutide dosed daily. These results suggest IBIO-610 may induce fat-selective weight loss.

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In a DIO mouse model, IBIO-610 was administered biweekly at 10 mg/kg for four weeks to evaluate its effects as a monotherapy. Treated mice were observed to have a 8.9% reduction in body weight compared to baseline and placebo, with body composition analysis revealing a 26% reduction in fat mass and no measurable loss of lean mass. Outlier non-responder mice were excluded.

To test potential combination therapy with incretin treatments, IBIO-610 was dosed biweekly alongside daily semaglutide. While semaglutide alone produced a 27.8% reduction in body weight (baseline and placebo adjusted), the combination resulted in a more pronounced 35.3% weight loss, without any additive effect on food intake. The combination also led to a greater reduction in visceral fat compared to semaglutide alone, suggesting complementary mechanisms that enhance metabolic benefit.

IBIO-610 was also tested as a maintenance therapy following cessation of semaglutide treatment. In this model, DIO mice were first dosed with semaglutide for two weeks, leading to approximately 18% weight loss. Upon stopping semaglutide, control mice regained 71% of the lost weight within three weeks, with fat mass levels returning to those of untreated animals. In contrast, mice receiving IBIO-610 at the time of semaglutide discontinuation regained only 28% of the lost weight and retained significantly lower fat mass at study termination, highlighting the potential of IBIO-610 to prevent rebound weight gain.

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IBIO-610 was evaluated in a preclinical PK and a body composition study in obese, mature NHPs designed to characterize systemic exposure and assess early signs of activity on fat and body composition. In previously disclosed results from this study, IBIO-610 demonstrated a terminal half-life of approximately 33.2 days in obese NHPs following administration, and based on allometric scaling approaches, we estimated a projected human half-life of up to 100 days, which may support infrequent dosing. In addition, in a small study that was not statistically powered, following two once-every-eight-week doses, treatment with IBIO-610 was associated with 6.7% lower visceral fat and 5.2% lower total fat mass compared with vehicle-treated obese NHPs, with a slight increase in lean mass. These findings are consistent with the fat-selective profile we observed in prior rodent studies. Additionally, obese NHPs treated with a single IV dose of IBIO-610 showed up to a 98% reduction in serum levels of active Activin E.

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In July 2026, we announced new preclinical data from our obese NHP study evaluating IBIO-610. Following a single dose of IBIO-610, active Activin E levels in the blood were reduced in all treated NHPs and remained suppressed through eight weeks. At both weeks 4 and 8, active Activin E levels were reduced to levels below the limits of the assay. Overall, active Activin E was reduced by 98% at week 4 and 97% at week 8 compared with baseline. We believe that these findings support IBIO-610's potential for best-in-class pathway inhibition and further support the potential for an infrequently dosed, long-acting antibody approach. The data also demonstrated IBIO-610's potential to promote fat-selective weight loss while preserving lean mass. In obese NHPs, when combined with semaglutide, IBIO-610 drove greater visceral and total fat loss while reducing lean mass loss by 73% versus semaglutide alone, further supporting its potential as both a stand-alone therapy and a complementary approach to GLP-1-based treatments.

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Following these studies, we initiated CMC and nonclinical toxicology activities to support the advancement of IBIO-610 toward clinical development and we anticipate commencing first-in-human clinical trials in the first half of calendar year 2027.

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IBIO-800: Myostatin x Activin A Bispecific Antibody

We are developing a bispecific antibody program targeting myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11 (“GDF11”) and Activin A, that we now refer to as IBIO-800. We are evaluating IBIO-800 for potential use in obesity and cardiopulmonary disease, including PH-HFpEF. Leveraging our innovative AI Drug Discovery Platform, IBIO-800 is in late discovery, where multiple parameters, including potency, selectivity, expression, stability and manufacturability, are being optimized. We nominated a development candidate in June 2026 and initiated CMC and nonclinical testing to enable continued progression of this program.

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IBIO-800 is designed to selectively neutralize what we believe are key pathological ligands across multiple aspects of disease biology. Based on our preclinical work, Activin A may contribute to cardiac fibrosis and vascular remodeling, while myostatin and GDF11 may contribute to skeletal muscle dysfunction and reduced functional capacity. In combination, IBIO-800 is designed to reduce cardiac fibrosis, reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling, and improve whole body functional capacity, while avoiding some of the safety considerations associated with broader TGF-β ligand blockade.

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In preclinical in vitro studies, early findings in human muscle progenitor or muscle stem cells suggest our bispecific candidates induced greater differentiation and fusion into mature muscle cells than antibodies targeting myostatin or Activin A alone. In addition, in human cardiac fibroblast studies, growth differentiation factor 8 (“GDF8”), GDF11 and Activin A promoted fibrotic activation and pro-inflammatory or pro-fibrotic gene expression, supporting the biological rationale for combined blockade in cardiopulmonary disease. We are also evaluating the program in vivo in a mouse model designed to assess stress-induced right ventricular remodeling in the setting of obesity and hemodynamic stress. In June 2026, we nominated a development candidate and are initiating CMC and nonclinical testing to enable continued progression of the program.

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IBIO-600

In April 2024, as result of the collaboration with AstralBio, we initiated a program to discover and develop a long-acting anti-myostatin antibody. Using our StableHu platform coupled with mammalian display, we optimized hit antibodies across multiple parameters, including affinity for myostatin, binding to the FcRn receptor, expression levels in mammalian cells, and resistance to poly-reactivity and aggregation. The final candidate, IBIO-600, was also observed to have a beneficial profile between thermostability and resistance to stress conditions during initial testing.

In vitro, IBIO-600 was evaluated in human muscle progenitor cells, where it potently inhibited myostatin. This inhibition facilitated the differentiation of progenitor cells into mature human muscle cells. In interim data from a preclinical study in obese mice, we observed that IBIO-600 dose-dependently prevented lean mass loss when administered in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

In November 2024, we initiated a study in obese and elderly NHPs for IBIO-600. The primary goal of the study was to assess the PK profile of IBIO-600. The study consisted of two dose levels, a low dose of 5 mg/kg and a high dose of 50 mg/kg, with a single subcutaneous injection in each case. In addition to monitoring PK in serum, the study analyzed body composition changes over time by employing DEXA scans, measuring lean and fat mass.

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The study consisted of six NHPs, sorted randomly into the low and high dose groups. IBIO-600 promoted an increase in lean mass and a reduction in fat mass from baseline values. Standard PK calculations indicated the half-life of IBIO-600 in NHPs was approximately 52.4 days. By using multiple allometric scaling approaches, we estimated the half-life in humans of IBIO-600 as falling with a range of 74-147 days. IBIO-600 also demonstrated durable body composition effects, including lean mass gains of up to 5.1% with accompanying reductions in fat mass.

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Following the NHP PK study, we initiated CMC manufacturing and nonclinical toxicology activities to support advancement of IBIO-600 toward clinical development. We have completed GMP manufacturing of an initial batch of drug product being used in our clinical study. Additionally, we have completed 1-month GLP toxicology studies in both rats and NHPs.

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In June 2026, we announced the dosing of the first participant in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human, phase 1 SAD clinical trial. This study is intended to test the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of IBIO-600 in overweight or obese adults, as well as exploratory effects on body composition, with four SAD cohorts currently planned. To date, we have enrolled 31 participants in the first four cohorts of the Phase 1 clinical trial of IBIO-600 in Australia and each will be monitored for approximately nine months following administration, with study completion expected in second half of 2027. Data from the study will help inform potential future development of IBIO-600. This trial is designed to establish the initial human profile of IBIO-600 and begin generating evidence of its effects on body composition, helping to inform potential future studies in combination with

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GLP-1-based therapies. We are now preparing to advance IBIO-600 into the MAD portion of the study.  Further, we intend to continue progressing the development of IBIO-600 in obesity, sarcopenia, and other muscle loss disorders.

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Amylin Receptor Agonist Engineered Antibody

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In collaboration with AstralBio, we initiated the development of an antibody agonists targeting the amylin receptor, a potentially highly promising mechanism in obesity treatment. Amylin receptors are closely related, multi-component GPCR complexes, making it challenging to discover antibodies with precisely controlled receptor subtype selectivity and functional activity. To address this challenge, we combined engineered GPCR antigens designed to mimic distinct amylin and calcitonin receptor configurations with our mammalian display-based discovery platform. This approach enables multidimensional antibody selection across properties including receptor subtype specificity, cross-species binding, functional activity and developability. Using these capabilities, we have generated both DACRA antibodies and selective amylin receptor agonist SARA antibodies designed to activate specific amylin receptor subtypes while avoiding activation of the calcitonin receptor.

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Early preclinical results to date show the promise of the approach. In a proof-of-concept study in DIO mice, an early DACRA-like agonist antibody delivered approximately a ~60% reduction in acute food intake (p<0.05), compared with a 67% reduction observed with a benchmark DACRA peptide. Building on these results, we generated and characterized AMY1-selective, AMY3-selective and dual AMY1/AMY3 agonist antibodies, referred to as SARA antibodies, with distinct in vitro potency and selectivity profiles.

These data support the feasibility of using engineered antibodies to achieve differentiated amylin receptor pharmacology and demonstrate the application of our integrated discovery platform to a complex GPCR target class. The program provides an additional demonstration of our ability to combine engineered antigens with multidimensional mammalian display-based selection to generate functionally differentiated antibody candidates against challenging membrane-protein targets. 

Recent Financial Developments

2026 ATM Agreement

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On February 27, 2026, we entered into the 2026 ATM Agreement with Jefferies providing for the sale by us of our shares of our Common Stock, from time to time, through or to Jefferies in an at-the-market offering program as set forth in the 2026 ATM Agreement. Offers and sales of shares of Common Stock by us, if any, under the 2026 ATM Agreement, will be made pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-293864), filed with the SEC on February 27, 2026 under the Securities Act, which was declared effective on March 6, 2026, and the prospectus included therein related to the offer and sale of up to $100,000,000 of shares of Common Stock. We have agreed to pay Jefferies a commission for its services in acting as agent of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock pursuant to the 2026 ATM Agreement. The offering of shares of Common Stock pursuant to the 2026 ATM Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all shares of Common Stock subject to the 2026 ATM Agreement, or (ii) termination of the 2026 ATM Agreement as permitted therein by us or Jefferies. No shares have been sold under the 2026 ATM Agreement as of June 30, 2026.

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2026 Private Placement

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On January 13, 2026, pursuant to the terms of the securities purchase agreement that we entered into on January 8, 2026 with the 2026 Investors, we issued and sold to the 2026 Investors in the 2026 Private Placement an aggregate of 1,408,481 shares of Common Stock and, in lieu of shares, 2026 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9,653,257 shares of Common Stock. The purchase price per share was $2.35. The purchase price per pre-funded warrant was $2.349, which is equal to the purchase price per share, minus the exercise price of $0.001 for each pre-funded warrant. We received aggregate gross proceeds from the 2026 Private Placement of approximately $26 million, before deducting the placement agent commissions and offering expenses payable by us which totaled approximately $1.7 million.

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Underwritten Public Offering

On August 19, 2025, we entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Leerink, as representative of the underwriters named in Schedule A thereto, relating to the offering, issuance and sale of 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 71,540,000 shares of Common Stock and accompanying Series G Warrants to purchase (i) an aggregate of up to 35,770,000 shares of Common Stock (or, for those investors who so choose, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 35,770,000 shares of Common Stock in lieu thereof) and (ii) Series H Warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 35,770,000 shares of Common Stock (or, for those investors who so choose, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 35,770,000 shares of Common Stock in lieu thereof) (the 2025 Offering). The combined public offering price per 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Series G Warrant was $0.699. The closing of the 2025 Offering took place on August 22, 2025. We received net proceeds from the 2025 Offering of approximately $46.5 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us in connection with the 2025 Offering. We may also receive up to an aggregate of $50 million of additional gross proceeds if the Series G Warrants and Series H Warrants are exercised in full for cash.

Each 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant and the pre-funded warrants issuable upon exercise of the Series G Warrants or Series H Warrants have an exercise price per share of Common Stock equal to $0.001 and were immediately exercisable from their date of issuance for one share of Common Stock, subject to certain beneficial ownership and other limitations. The Series G Warrants and Series H Warrants were each exercisable from their date of issuance and have an exercise price equal to $0.70 per whole share of Common Stock (or $0.699 per pre-funded warrant) and in the case of the Series G Warrants, the accompanying Series H Warrant. The Series G Warrants expired 30 trading days following our public announcement of a Trial Initiation Milestone. In addition, to the extent the proportion of the unexercised portion of the Series G Warrant relative to the originally issued Series G Warrant is greater than the proportion of the unexercised portion of the originally issued 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant relative to the originally issued 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant, each Series G Warrant immediately expired in proportion to the extent that the corresponding 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant held by a holder is exercised prior to the occurrence of the Trial Initiation Milestone. When issued upon exercise of the Series G Warrants, the Series H Warrants will expire on the four-year anniversary of the closing date of the 2025 Offering.

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On April 8, 2026, we issued a Public Announcement that we received CTN acknowledgement from Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration and ethics approval from a Human Research Ethics Committee, enabling the initiation of a first-in-human clinical trial of IBIO-600 in Australia. All Series G Warrants were exercised prior to their expiration at 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on May 20, 2026.

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During fiscal year 2026, 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,250,394 shares of Common Stock were exercised for proceeds of approximately $9,250.  

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During fiscal year 2026, Series G Warrants to purchase 35,770,000 shares of Common Stock were exercised whereby the holders elected to receive pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 21,610,000 shares of Common Stock in lieu of shares of Common Stock and 14,160,000 shares of Common Stock, together with Series H Warrants to purchase up to 35,770,000 shares of Common Stock, for gross proceeds of approximately $25 million. The pre-funded warrants issued upon this election have an exercise price of $0.001 and are immediately exercisable.

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During fiscal year 2026, Series H Warrants to purchase 4,250,000 shares of Common Stock were exercised whereby the holders elected to receive pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 4,250,000 shares of Common Stock in lieu of shares of Common Stock for gross proceeds of approximately $3 million. The pre-funded warrants issued upon this election have an exercise price of $0.001 and are immediately exercisable.

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During fiscal year 2026, pre-funded warrants issued upon the exercise of Series G Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,970,000 shares of Common Stock, were exercised for proceeds of approximately $1,970.

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In conjunction with 2025 Underwriting Agreement, we agreed to pay the underwriter a fee equal to six percent (6%) of the cash exercise fee received by us for all cash exercises of warrants for a period of thirty (30) months following the close of the transaction. The fee is due no later than five (5) business days following each calendar quarter. We incurred fees on

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these proceeds totaling approximately $1,680,000 during fiscal year 2026, of which approximately $1,173,000 is included in accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2026.

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Results of Operations

Revenue

Our ongoing business is primarily focused on i) development of our pipeline for which we do not expect revenue for many years, if at all, and ii) on advancing our AI-driven discovery platform to develop molecules against hard to drug targets. To date this platform has not generated any material revenue, though we may realize revenue from it in the future. Revenue in the amount of $0.1 million was recognized for services provided to a collaborative partner during the year ended June 30, 2026. Revenue in the amount of $0.4 million was recognized for services provided to a collaborative partner during the year ended June 30, 2025.

Research and Development Expenses (“R&D”)

R&D expenses for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 were approximately $19.6 million and $8.3 million, respectively, an increase of approximately $11.3 million or approximately 136%. The increase in R&D expenses is primarily due to increased spending of approximately $8.4 million for consultants and outside services supporting our R&D efforts, including NHP studies and CMC activities, for our IBIO-610 and IBIO-600 programs and other preclinical pipeline assets, and a $2.5 million development milestone.

On a program-by-program basis, consultants and outside services reported in R&D expenses for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, included $6.0 million for IBIO-610, $4.3 million for IBIO-600, and $0.6 million for all other pipeline programs. On a program-by-program basis, consultants and outside services reported in R&D expenses for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, included $2.5 million for IBIO-600, $0.5 million for IBIO-610, and $0.2 million for all other pipeline programs.

Consultant and outside services accounted for approximately 55% and 38% of total R&D expenses for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

General and Administrative Expenses (“G&A”)

G&A expenses for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 were approximately $10.6 million and $10.7 million, respectively, a decrease of approximately $0.1 million or 1.0%. The slight decrease was primarily driven by IT cost reductions.

Impairment of Indefinite-Lived Intangible Asset

In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, an impairment charge of $5.0 million was recorded for our IBIO-101 indefinite-lived intangible asset. No impairments of indefinite-lived intangible assets were recorded in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

Total Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses, consisting primarily of R&D and G&A expenses, for fiscal year ended June 30, 2026 were approximately $35.2 million, compared to approximately $19 million for fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

Other Income

Other income for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 were $2.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, an increase of approximately $1.9 million. The increase is mainly attributable to interest earned on the proceeds from our capital raises and warrant exercises.

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Income Tax Expense

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There was no provision for current federal or state taxes for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and June 30, 2025 as a result of taxable losses incurred.

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Net Loss

Our net loss for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026 was approximately $33.0 million, or $0.32 per share of Common Stock, compared to our net loss of approximately $18.4 million, or $1.75 per share of Common Stock, in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred net losses and generated negative cash flows from operations for many years.  For the year ended June 30, 2026, we incurred a net loss of approximately $33.0 million and had negative cash flows from operations of approximately $23.2 million. Historically, our liquidity needs have been met by the sale and issuances of common shares including the issuances of common shares through the exercise of warrants. As of June 30, 2026, we had total current assets of approximately $92.2 million, of which approximately $56.4 million was cash and cash equivalents and approximately $31.6 million was investments in debt securities. As of June 30, 2026, we had an operating capital deficit of $23.2 million which compares to the $15.3 million operating capital deficit we maintained as of June 30, 2025.

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The history of significant losses, the negative cash flow from operations, and the dependence by us on our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our operations in the past raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. In August 2025, we closed on an underwritten public offering raising gross proceeds of approximately $50 million and in January 2026, we raised gross proceeds of approximately $26 million in a private placement. Additionally, we received gross proceeds of approximately $33.4 million from the exercise of warrants during the year ended June 30, 2026. Based on the total cash and cash equivalents, and investments in debt securities of approximately $88 million at June 30, 2026, we believe that our current cash position is sufficient to fund its operations for at least 12 months from the date of filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2026 (the “Annual Report”).  

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Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

In fiscal year 2026, net cash used in operating activities was approximately $23.2 million, compared to net cash used in operating activities of approximately $15.3 million in fiscal year 2025, an increase of approximately $7.9 million or approximately 52%. The use of cash was primarily attributable to funding our net loss for the period.

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Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

In fiscal year 2026, net cash used in investing activities was approximately $32.0 million, which consisted primarily of the purchase of approximately $42.3 million, partially offset by the redemption of debt securities of approximately $10.8 million, and an interest payment received on the promissory note receivable and the purchase of fixed assets. In fiscal year 2025, net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $0.7 million, which consisted of payments received for principal and interest on the promissory note receivable offset by the purchase of fixed assets.

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Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities in fiscal year 2026, was approximately $103.0 million and was primarily attributable to the net proceeds from the sale of securities primarily from the underwritten public offering that we consummated in August 2025, pursuant to which we received net proceeds of approximately $46.4 million, the 2026 Private Placement, pursuant to which we received net proceeds of approximately $24.3 million, net warrant exercise proceeds of approximately $32.8, and approximately $0.3 million for sales of Common Stock sold under an at-the-market agreement, partially offset by approximately $0.8 million of payments towards debt, including the term promissory note, equipment financing loan, and finance lease obligations. Net cash provided by financing activities in fiscal year 2025 was

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approximately $8.9 million and was attributable to the proceeds from the inducement of Existing Warrants and the sale of securities partially offset by payments towards debt, including the finance lease obligations, term promissory note and equipment financing loan.

Funding Requirements

We have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations since our spin-off from Integrated BioPharma in August 2008. As of June 30, 2026, our accumulated deficit was approximately $365.3 million, and we used approximately $23.2 million for operating activities during the year ended June 30, 2026. As of June 30, 2025, our accumulated deficit was approximately $332.2 million, and we used approximately $15.3 million for operating activities during the year ended June 30, 2025. Our current cash, cash equivalents and investments in debt securities of approximately $88 million as of June 30, 2026 is anticipated to be sufficient to support operations into the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2028.

We plan to fund our future business operations using cash on hand, through proceeds realized in connection with the commercialization of our technologies, through potential proceeds from the sale or out-licensing of assets, collaborations, and through proceeds from the sale of additional equity or other securities and exercise of outstanding warrants. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing these plans, many of which will take several years before we realize proceeds. We cannot be certain that such funding will be available on favorable terms or available at all. If we are unable to raise funds when required or on favorable terms, this assumption may no longer be operative, and we may have to: a) significantly delay, scale back, or discontinue the product application and/or commercialization of our proprietary technologies; b) seek collaborators for our technology and product candidates on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; c) relinquish or otherwise dispose of rights to technologies, product candidates, or products that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize; or d) possibly cease operations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As part of our ongoing business, we do not participate in transactions that generate relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities (“SPE”s), which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually limited purposes. As of June 30, 2026, we were not involved in any SPE transactions.

Critical Accounting Estimates

A critical accounting policy is one that is both important to the portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results of operations and requires management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All applicable U.S. GAAP accounting standards effective as of June 30, 2026, have been taken into consideration in preparing the consolidated financial statements. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. Some of those estimates are subjective and complex, and, consequently, actual results could differ from those estimates. We base our estimates, to the extent possible, on historical experience. Historical information is modified as appropriate based on current business factors and various assumptions that we believe are necessary to form a basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis and make changes when necessary. Actual results could differ from our estimates.

Critical accounting estimates are those estimates made in accordance with U.S. GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company. The following accounting estimate had a material impact on the results of operations of the Company for the year ended June 30, 2026.

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Impairment of Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

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For indefinite-lived intangible assets, we perform an impairment test annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.

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Evaluating impairment requires judgment, including the estimation of future cash flows, future growth rates and profitability and the expected life over which cash flows will occur. Changes in our business strategy or adverse changes in market conditions could impact impairment analyses and require the recognition of an impairment charge. Although we base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, actual results could differ from these estimates.

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During the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, we performed our annual impairment testing of the IBIO-101 therapeutic technology (or “IP”), classified as an indefinite-lived intangible asset, which had a carrying amount of $5.0 million on June 30, 2025. We engaged a third party to perform valuation assistance with estimating the fair value of IBIO-101 and preparing a market capitalization reconciliation. The Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method (“MPEEM”) under the income approach was utilized to value the indefinite-lived asset. The MPEEM determines the value of a specified asset by calculating the present value of future earnings attributed to the asset. Since IBIO-101 is currently in its pre-clinical development phase, a probability of success was applied to the cash flows to account for the probability of reaching each step of development. The MPEEM requires that charges for the use of other contributory assets be subtracted under the theory that the owner of the subject asset does not own the other contributory assets and would have to rent/lease them in order to earn the cash flows related to the subject asset.

The resulting probability of success adjusted “excess earnings” were discounted to the present value using a 15% discount rate, which was based on iBio’s weighted average cost of capital. The sum of the discounted excess earnings and the present value of the tax benefit related to amortization of the IBIO-101 indefinite-lived intangible indicated that the fair value was $5.9 million as of the June 30, 2025 valuation date. Given that the carrying amount of the asset was $5 million on June 30, 2025, it was concluded that no impairment existed.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2026, we retained a global advisory firm to market and actively identify partners for IBIO-101 and the other oncology programs we acquired from RubrYc due to our therapeutic focus shift to precision antibodies in the cardiometabolic and obesity space. The market data collected indicated the full carrying value of IBIO-101 may not be recoverable. We engaged a third party to perform a valuation of  IBIO-101, utilizing the MPEEM under the income approach to value the indefinite-lived asset. The resulting probability of success adjusted “excess earnings” were discounted to the present value using a 16% discount rate, which was based on iBio’s weighted average cost of capital estimated for the fiscal year. The sum of the discounted excess earnings and the present value of the tax benefit related to amortization of the IBIO-101 indefinite-lived intangible indicated that the fair value was approximately $2.5 million as of the December 31, 2025 valuation date. The carrying amount of the asset was $5.0 million at the time of the valuation, it was concluded that a $2.5 million impairment existed. We recorded an impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset expense of approximately $2.5 million for the three and six months ended December 31, 2025.

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During the third quarter of fiscal year 2026, we ceased our marketing efforts of the IBIO-101 asset and with our focus on the development of hard-to-drug precision antibodies for obesity, cardiometabolic, and cardiopulmonary diseases, we fully impaired the remaining $2.5 million value of the IBIO-101 asset.

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Also, during the third quarter of fiscal year 2026, we performed our annual impairment testing of the remaining indefinite-lived intangible assets, with the assistance of a third party, which had a carrying amount of $1.5 million on March 31, 2026 and concluded that they were not impaired. No triggering events were identified in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2026.

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We will continue to monitor the value of our IP as part of our annual accounting policy for impairment of long-lived assets. The primary impairment indicators that may arise in the near future are (1) any sustained decline in our Common Stock market price and (2) FDA decisions on similar competing technologies that are applying for Phase 1 approval.

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We continue to operate in a highly competitive environment, rising cost of capital and experience liquidity challenges. Accordingly, we may have to adjust our cash flow projections and valuation assumptions in the near future to account for

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market trends and any changes to our research and development plans. Any such future adjustments may lead to material future impairments in the IP and other related assets.

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Our remaining critical accounting estimates remain consistent with the information disclosed in the same section in our last annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2025.

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In addition to the aforementioned critical accounting estimates, the following accounting policies and estimates have been highlighted as significant because changes to certain judgments and assumptions inherent in these policies could affect our consolidated financial statements:

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We base our estimates, to the extent possible, on historical experience. Historical information is modified as appropriate based on current business factors and various assumptions that we believe are necessary to form a basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis and make changes when necessary. Actual results could differ from our estimates. See Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - for a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies and estimates

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The information under this Item is not required to be provided by smaller reporting companies.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Financial statements and notes thereto appear on pages F-1 to F-48 of this Annual Report.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer (our Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (our Principal Financial Officer) have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as amended), as of June 30, 2026. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2026.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

It is the responsibility of the management of iBio to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance to iBio’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

iBio’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of iBio; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of iBio are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of iBio; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding the prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of iBio’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements of iBio.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Management has performed an assessment of the effectiveness of iBio’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2026, based upon criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 COSO Framework).

Based on this assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of June 30, 2026.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except as otherwise described herein, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, during the quarter ended June 30, 2026, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Item 9B. Other Information.

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AstralBio Amylin License

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On August 27, 2026, we entered into the Amylin License Agreement with AstralBio, pursuant to which AstralBio has licensed to us, on a worldwide exclusive basis and with the right to grant sublicenses, under the AstralBio Licensed Patents (as defined in the Amylin License Agreement) and AstralBio Licensed Know-How (as defined in the Amylin License Agreement) the right to Develop, Manufacture and Commercialize and otherwise exploit an Amylin Licensed Product. All capitalized terms herein have the definitions assigned to them in the Amylin License Agreement unless otherwise defined herein.

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We are solely responsible for all decisions related to the launch, sales and marketing and promotion of Amylin Licensed Product in our discretion, subject to the terms of the Amylin License Agreement, and for all costs for all activities related to, the Development, Manufacture and Commercialization of the Amylin Licensed Product worldwide. In consideration for the rights and licenses granted by AstralBio to us in the Amylin License Agreement, we agreed to pay AstralBio (i) an upfront license fee in the amount of $750,000 within thirty days after the effective date of the Amylin License Agreement, and (ii) upon the occurrence of specified developmental and commercial milestones, including net sales, milestone

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payments of up to an aggregate of $28 million, which can be paid by cash or, provided we remains listed on Nasdaq or another national stock exchange at the time of the payment, by issuing shares of our Common Stock, subject to approval of the issuance of any such shares by Nasdaq, and provided, however, in no event shall we issue to AstralBio pursuant to the Amylin License Agreement shares of our Common Stock resulting in AstralBio owning more than 19.9% of the total number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding as of the date of entering into the Amylin License Agreement. In the event we sublicense an Amylin Licensed Product or a product that includes an Amylin Licensed Product, we will pay AstralBio a sublicense fee, which fee is a range of a low to mid-single-digit percentage based on the proceeds of the sublicense fees to a third party.

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The Amylin License Agreement will remain in effect at all times and thereafter, unless and until terminated earlier pursuant to the Amylin License Agreement. The Amylin License Agreement can be terminated (i) by the Company for any reason or no reason upon 45 days’ written notice to AstralBio; (ii) by either party upon written notice to the other party if the other party materially breaches the Amylin License Agreement and such breach is not cured to the reasonable satisfaction of the non-breaching party within 90 days of receipt of such written notice, subject to certain exceptions; (iii) by either party upon certain bankruptcy or insolvency events of the other party; and (iv) by either party if the other party or any sublicensee challenges the patentability, enforceability or validity of any claim related to any Patent or the secret and substantial nature of any Know-How, such Patent and/or Know-How being licensed to the party making the challenge, subject to certain exceptions as set forth in the Amylin License Agreement.

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Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections.

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Not applicable

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PART III

Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this Annual Report because we intend to file our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2026 Annual Meeting”), pursuant to regulation 14A of the Exchange Act, not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report and certain information to be included in the definitive proxy statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Except for the information set forth below, the required information is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting, including, but not necessarily limited to, the sections entitled “Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance,” and “Executive Officers Who Are Not Directors,” in the definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC relating to our 2026 Annual Meeting is incorporated herein by reference.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics, as amended and restated in July 2024, within the meaning of Item 406 of SEC Regulation S-K, which applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer and our chief financial officer, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit hereto and can be found on our website at www.ibioinc.com. If we make any waivers or substantive amendments to the code of ethics that are applicable to our principal executive officer or our chief financial officer, we will disclose the nature of such waiver or amendment on our internet website at www.ibioinc.com in a timely manner.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The required information is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC relating to our 2026 Annual Meeting, including, but not necessarily limited to, the sections entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation for 2026 Fiscal Year.”

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Except for the information set forth below, the required information is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC relating to our 2026 Annual Meeting, including, but not necessarily limited to, the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.”

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information regarding the status of stock compensation plans at June 30, 2026:

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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The required information is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC relating to our 2026 Annual Meeting, including, but not necessarily limited to, the sections entitled “Transactions With Related Persons, Promoters and Certain Control Persons” and “Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance - Independence of the Board of Directors.”

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The required information is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC relating to our 2026 Annual Meeting, including, but not necessarily limited to, the section entitled, “Fees Paid to the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

Not Applicable

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