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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

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For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024

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For the transition period from ___ to ___

Commission file number 001-35023

iBio, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (302) 355-0650

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:     None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.        Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.                  ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.    ◻

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).            Yes ☐ No ⌧

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $4,431,006 as of December 31, 2023, based upon the closing sale price on the NYSE American of $1.37 per share reported as of December 29, 2023 (the last trading day prior to December 31, 2023).

There were 8,637,895 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding as of September 19, 2024.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

Certain portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement to be used in connection with the Registrant’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K

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IBIO, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 (this “Annual Report”) to “iBio,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms mean iBio, Inc.

Certain statements in this Annual Report, including, without limitation, statements under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” include forward-looking statements as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”) or in releases made by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), all as may be amended from time to time. These cautionary statements are being made pursuant to the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the PSLRA with the intention of obtaining the benefits of the “safe harbor” provisions of such laws. All statements contained in this Annual Report, other than statements that are purely historical, are forward-looking statements. Forward looking-statements can be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking language, such as the words “plans,” “intends,” “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “potential,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “seeks,” or “scheduled to,” or other similar words, the negative of these terms, other variations of these terms or comparable language, or by discussion of strategy or intentions. Forward-looking statements are based upon management’s present expectations, objectives, anticipations, plans, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future and are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, events or developments to be materially different from those indicated in such forward-looking statements, including the risks and uncertainties set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report and in other securities filings by the Company. These risks and uncertainties should be considered carefully, and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. As such, no assurance can be given that the future results covered by the forward-looking statements will be achieved. All information in this Annual Report is as of June 30, 2024, unless otherwise indicated. The Company does not intend to update this information to reflect events after the date of this Annual Report.

Copies of this Annual Report, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and our other reports filed with the SEC can be obtained free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC on our website at http://www.ibioinc.com/ or directly from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov/. Our website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

iBio, Inc. (also referred to as "we", "us", "our", "iBio", or the "Company") is a preclinical stage biotechnology company leveraging the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the development of hard-to-drug precision antibodies. Our proprietary technology stack is designed to minimize downstream development risks by employing AI-guided epitope-steering and monoclonal antibody (mAb) optimization.

Since September 2022, iBio has focused on utilizing AI and machine learning (ML) to discover and design antibodies against hard-to-drug targets upon the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. ("RubrYc") was consummated. This acquisition commenced our transition to an AI-enabled biotech company and the closing of the sale of the Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO) facility in Texas concluded our transition. These strategic decisions enable us to solely focus resources on the development of AI-powered precision antibodies, positioning iBio at the forefront of this exciting field.  Our current therapeutics being developed are all in preclinical development and we have not completed any clinical trials for any vaccine or therapeutic protein product candidate produced using iBio technology and there is a risk that we will be unsuccessful in developing or commercializing any product candidates.

One of the key features of iBio’s technology stack is the patented epitope-steering AI-engine. This advanced technology allows us to target specific regions of proteins with precision enabling the creation of antibodies highly specific to therapeutically relevant regions within large target proteins, potentially improving their efficacy and safety profile.  Another integral part of iBio’s technology stack is the machine learning (ML) based antibody-optimizing StableHu™ technology. When coupled with our mammalian display technology, StableHu has been shown to accelerate the Lead Optimization process and potentially reduces downstream risks, making the overall development process faster, more efficient and cost-effective.

iBio also developed the EngageTx™ platform, which provides an optimized next-generation CD3 T-cell engager antibody panel. This panel is characterized by a wide spectrum of potencies, Non-Human Primate (NHP) cross-reactivity, enhanced humanness of the antibodies, and a maintained tumor cell killing capacity, all while reducing cytokine release. These attributes are meticulously designed to fine-tune the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of our antibody products. By incorporating EngageTx into iBio’s own development initiatives, the Company’s internal pre-clinical pipeline reaps the benefits of the same cutting-edge technology extended to our potential partners.

iBio’s technology stack also includes ShieldTx™, an antibody masking technology enabling the creation of conditionally activated antibodies. These masks keep antibodies inactive until they reach diseased tissue, where the masks are removed, and the antibodies are activated. This mechanism is thought to broaden the therapeutic window, potentially improving efficacy and safety of treatments. Conditionally activated antibodies are also believed to enable the use of drug combinations that are otherwise considered too toxic, and they open the door to pursuing targets which, due to their expression in multiple tissues, would otherwise raise safety concerns.

iBio’s scientific team, comprised of experienced AI/ML scientists and biopharmaceutical scientists, located side-by-side in our San Diego laboratory, possess the skills and capabilities to rapidly advance antibodies in house from concept to in

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vivo proof-of-concept (POC). This multidisciplinary expertise allows us to quickly translate scientific discoveries into potential therapeutic applications.

Artificial Intelligence in Antibody Discovery and Development

The potential of AI in antibody discovery is immense and is being increasingly recognized in the biopharmaceutical industry. The mAbs market has seen impressive growth in recent years, with mAbs increasingly on the list of the top-selling drugs in the United States. This success has driven the industry to seek innovative methods for refining and improving their antibody pipelines. AI and deep learning, which have already revolutionized small molecule drug design, are now making significant strides in the development and optimization of antibodies.

iBio is leveraging its AI-powered technology stack to enhance the success rate of identifying antibodies for challenging target proteins, expedite the process of antibody optimization, improve developability, and engineer finely calibrated bi-specifics. By continually refining the Company’s AI algorithms, incorporating new data sources, and developing robust experimental validation processes, iBio is paving the way for groundbreaking advancements in antibody design and drug discovery.

Key Achievements in Fiscal Year 2024

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Transformation to an AI-powered biotech

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Business Development

Pipeline

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Strategy

iBio is a pioneering biotechnology company at the intersection of AI and biologics, committed to reshaping the landscape of discovery. Our core mission is to harness the potential of AI and machine learning to unveil elusive biologics that stand out and have evaded other scientists. Through iBio’s innovative platform, we champion a culture of innovation by swiftly identifying novel targets, forging strategic collaborations with the goal of enhancing efficiency, diversifying pipelines, and accelerating preclinical processes.

Our strategic approach to fulfilling iBio’s mission is outlined as follows:

Although bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates have proven to be highly efficacious, they have also raised safety concerns. iBio’s ShieldTx technology is an integrated part of the discovery process, designed to allow antibodies to be masked and rendered inactive until they reach the intended tissue (e.g., a tumor), where the mask is removed and the antibody is activated. ShieldTx is believed to have the capability of reducing or eliminating adverse effects stemming from off-target tissue effects, increase the probability of success in identifying a fitting mask, and reduce development time.

Lastly, iBio’s StableHu technology, coupled with mammalian display technology, has been shown in pre-clinical studies to allow for the reduction of lead optimization times by utilizing single-shot multi-dimensional optimization techniques. This also improves the developability of lead antibodies early in the discovery process.

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In essence, we believe that we are sculpting a future where cutting-edge AI-driven biotechnology propels the discovery of intricate biologics, fostering partnerships, accelerating innovation, and propelling the advancement of science.

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AI-Technology Platform

Overview

iBio's technology stack is a multi-layered, AI-powered system designed to significantly enhance the probability of success to discover and develop antibodies against hard-to-drug pathophysiologically relevant proteins. This platform comprises four key components, each playing a crucial role in the discovery and optimization of precision antibodies.

The first layer, epitope engineering, leverages the patented AI-engine to target specific regions of proteins, allowing us to engineer antibodies with high specificity and efficacy. Pursuing specific epitopes that elicit a specific biological function allows iBio to create antibodies with complex modes of action, like agonistic or cell activating antibodies. The second layer involves the proprietary antibody library, which is built on clinically validated frameworks and offers a rich diversity of human antibodies. The third layer of the technology stack is the antibody optimizing StableHu AI technology, coupled with mammalian display technology. This combination has been shown to speed up the Lead Optimization process and potentially minimizes downstream risks, with the goal of making the overall development process more efficient and cost-effective. Next, our EngageTx platform forms the fourth layer. It provides an optimized next-generation CD3 T-cell engager antibody panel characterized by a wide range of potencies, Non-Human Primate (NHP) cross-reactivity, increased humanness of the antibodies, and retained tumor cell killing capacity with reduced cytokine release.  Lastly, iBio’s ShieldTx antibody masking technology enables the creation of conditionally activated antibodies. Conditionally activated antibodies are believed to broaden the therapeutic window, potentially improving efficacy and safety of treatments and enabling the use of drug combinations that are otherwise considered too toxic, and they open the door to pursuing targets which, due to their expression in multiple tissues, would otherwise raise safety concerns.

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Figure 1: iBio’s Technology Stack Addresses Several Current Challenges in Antibody Discovery

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AI Epitope Steering Technology

Epitopes, the small regions on large drug target proteins, play a crucial role in eliciting a desired biological function when targeted with antibodies. However, traditional approaches to epitope-specific antibody discovery often face significant challenges. For instance, dominant-epitope antibodies, which typically exhibit low or no efficacy, can overwhelm traditional discovery methods. This inundation can make it difficult to identify and isolate the more effective antibodies targeting less dominant epitopes.  Additionally, these traditional methods often yield low or even zero discovery results when it comes to high-value, therapeutically challenging epitopes. These are the epitopes that, despite their potential therapeutic value, are particularly difficult to target due to their complex structure or location on the protein.  Another challenge lies in the limited availability of epitope-stabilizing immunogen scaffolds suitable for epitope grafting. These scaffolds are crucial for maintaining the structure of the epitope during the antibody discovery process, and their scarcity can further complicate the discovery of effective antibodies.

iBio’s Epitope steering technology is designed to address these issues by guiding antibodies exclusively against the desired regions of the target protein. By focusing on these specific regions, we believe we can overcome the limitations of traditional methods and significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of our antibody discovery process.  iBio’s AI engine creates engineered epitopes, which are small embodiments of epitopes on the target protein. The engine is trained to match the epitope structure as closely as possible and refine the designs for greater stability and water solubility, which are critically important factors. The optimized engineered epitope is then used to identify antibodies from naïve or immunized libraries.

The application of engineered epitopes extends to a wide array of complex and hard-to-drug protein structures (as depicted in Figure 2). This broad applicability not only has the potential to unlock high-value targets in the field of immuno-oncology (I/O), but it could also be transformative in various other disease areas such as cardiometabolic, immunology

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and pain management. Furthermore, the potential use of this approach in vaccine development could open up new avenues for disease prevention.

Figure 2: iBio’s patented epitope steering technology

Naïve Human Antibody Library

The fully human antibody library is built upon clinically validated, entirely human antibody frameworks. By leveraging public databases, iBio has extracted a diverse array of Complementarity-Determining Region (CDR) sequences. Subsequently, iBio has meticulously eliminated a range of sequence liabilities. Such careful curation process could potentially significantly reduce the development risk for antibodies identified from our library.

StableHu^TM AI Antibody-Optimizing Technology

Antibody optimization is a pivotal step in the development of therapeutic antibodies. It refines an antibody's properties to enhance its efficacy, safety, and manufacturability. This process includes humanization, which alters non-human antibodies to mimic human antibodies, thereby reducing the risk of immune reactions when used in therapy.

The proprietary StableHu technology is instrumental in this optimization process. StableHu is an AI-powered tool designed to predict a library of antibodies with fully human CDR variants based on an input antibody. This input can range from an early, unoptimized molecule to an approved drug. The model has been trained utilizing a set of over 1 billion human antibodies, progressively masking known amino acids within CDRs until the algorithm could predict the correct human sequence.

While phage display libraries are often used in antibody optimization due to their vast diversity, they can increase developability risks such as low expression, instability, or aggregation of antibodies. Mammalian display libraries, on the other hand, offer significantly improved developability but reduced diversity due to the smaller library size they can handle. StableHu overcomes this limitation by utilizing a machine learning algorithm generating focused library diversity within the capacity of mammalian display.

Mammalian display is a technology that presents antibodies on the surface of mammalian cells, allowing for the direct screening and selection of antibodies in a mammalian cell environment. This approach is advantageous as antibodies that express well on the mammalian cells used in the display are more likely to express well in the production cell line. Moreover, single-cell sorting of antibody-displaying cells allows rapid selection of desired antibodies based on multiple dimensions, such as potency, selectivity, and cross-species selectivity.

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When paired with mammalian display technology, StableHu enables antibody optimization with fewer iterative optimization steps, lower immunogenicity risk, and improved developability.

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Figure 3: StableHu^TM Antibody Optimization Technology

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EngageTx CD3-Based T-Cell Engager Panel

CD3-based T-cell engagers potentially offer significant clinical benefits in cancer treatment. They have the potential to effectively target and eliminate a wide range of tumor types, including those resistant to other therapies. By recruiting and activating the body's own T-cells to specifically target cancer cells, they can overcome some mechanisms of immune evasion, potentially leading to improved patient outcomes.  However, first-generation T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies often face challenges related to safety and efficacy. They can cause severe side effects, such as cytokine release syndrome due to overactivation of the immune system. Additionally, they may lack specificity, which can lead to off-target effects and damage to healthy tissues. The lack of non-human primate (NHP) cross-reactivity also prevents safety assessment in higher species.

To address these issues, iBio used antibodies from an epitope steering campaign as well as a first-generation T-cell engager as input and utilized our StableHu technology to identify a next-generation CD3 antibody panel. The sequence diversity generated by StableHu led to an antibody panel with a wide range of potencies, which allows us to pair the panel with a wide variety of tumor-targeting antibodies.  Importantly, iBio was able to retain T-cell activation and tumor cell killing capacity with significantly reduced cytokine release. This reduction is believed to lower the risk of cytokine release syndrome. Additionally, the increased humanness of the predicted antibodies, thanks to our StableHu technology, reduces the risk of immunogenicity.

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Furthermore, our StableHu technology enabled the Company to engineer NHP cross-reactivity into EngageTx. This allows for advanced safety assessment in NHP ahead of clinical trials, providing another layer of safety assurance.

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Figure 4: CD3-Based T-Cell Engager Panel EngageTx^TM

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ShieldTx Antibody Masking Technology

The vast majority of potential drug targets are expressed in multiple tissues and cell types throughout the body, while only a few are exclusively expressed in diseased cells or tissues, such as tumors. Antibodies capable of destroying cells expressing the targeted protein can cause severe adverse effects if the target is present not only on tumor cells but also on healthy cells.

One technique to enable antibody development against such widely expressed targets is antibody masking. Masked antibodies, also known as conditionally activated antibodies, usually consist of three parts: the antibody itself, the mask, and a linker connecting the antibody and mask. The mask covers the binding region of the antibody, rendering it inactive until it reaches the diseased tissue, where the mask is cleaved off by i.e. an enzyme specific to the tumor. Once the mask is removed, the antibody is precisely activated in the target tissue (e.g., a tumor), thereby sparing healthy tissue from destruction.

Masking antibodies is thought to broaden the therapeutic window, potentially improving efficacy and safety of treatments. Conditionally activated antibodies are also believed to enable the use of drug combinations that are otherwise considered too toxic, and they open the door to pursuing targets that, due to their expression in multiple tissues, would otherwise raise safety concerns.

iBio’s ShieldTx technology enables the creation of conditionally activated antibodies and stands out because it is deeply integrated into iBio’s technology stack, providing multiple advantages. Identifying a fitting mask is challenging, however, iBio’s ShieldTx technology is designed to increase the probability of success. This increased success rate is due to iBio’s epitope engineering engine, which creates small embodiments of the drug target epitope to raise antibodies. These engineered epitopes, by definition, bind to the raised antibody and can be deployed as masks. Thus, the mask design process is inherently built into the antibody discovery process.

Additionally, multi-dimensional optimization with iBio’s StableHu antibody optimization technology allows for the simultaneous optimization of the three components of conditionally activated antibodies: the antibody, mask, and linker.

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This approach, we believe, will significantly reduce development time compared to the typically sequential optimization of the individual components.

Figure 5: Mechanism of ShieldTx, iBio’s masking technology to create conditionally activated antibodies

Modalities

Epitope steering, a technology iBio is pioneering, has the potential to positively impact various areas of medicine. In the field of immuno-oncology, it can be used to develop antibodies targeting specific cancer antigens, potentially enhancing the efficacy of treatments like checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T therapies.

The technology also holds promise in the realm of systemic secreted and cell-surface therapeutics. Here, epitope steering can be applied to the development of antibodies, circulating immune modulation factors, secreted enzymes, and transmembrane proteins. This could be particularly beneficial in treating diseases such as heart failure, infectious diseases, and rare genetic conditions.  In the context of localized regenerative therapeutics, epitope steering could potentially be used to develop treatments that target specific damaged or diseased tissues. This approach could be particularly beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.  Intratumoral immuno-oncology is another area where epitope steering could make a significant impact. It could potentially be used to develop treatments that alter the tumor microenvironment to favor an immune response against tumors, potentially enhancing the efficacy of treatments that use immune-stimulatory proteins.  The potential of epitope steering extends to cancer vaccine development as well. The ability to target specific epitopes could be beneficial in the development of vaccines, particularly those that aim to increase the number and antitumor activity of a patient's T cells.  Finally, epitope steering could be used to develop treatments for a wide range of diseases, including those in the immune-oncology space, immunology, pain, and potentially in vaccine development. This is particularly relevant for complex and hard-to-drug protein structures.

Pre-Clinical Pipeline

iBio is currently in the process of building and advancing its preclinical pipeline by leveraging its technology stack focused on hard-to-drug targets and molecules offering differentiation in both in obesity and cardiometabolic disease space, as well as immune-oncology.  As iBio continues to leverage its technology stack and develop our existing immune-oncology pre-clinical pipeline, the Company also is seeking strategic partners with the capabilities to more rapidly advance these programs towards the clinic.  iBio also continues to assess our options rights to license three of the four assets under the AstralBio collaboration to add obesity and cardiometabolic programs into our pre-clinical pipeline.  Under this strategic

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collaboration with AstraBio, it affords iBio the opportunity to expand the Company’s pipeline and build a presence in the cardiometabolic disease space.

Figure 6: iBio’s Preclinical Therapeutics Pipeline

Therapeutics

Obesity/Cardiometabolic Diseases

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Obesity and Overweight Fact-Sheets, worldwide adult obesity has more than doubled since 1990, and adolescent obesity has quadrupled.  In 2022, 2.5 billion adults (18 years and older) were overweight.  Of these, 890 million were living with obesity.

Until recently, pharmacologic options to treat obesity have been limited, but the recent approval and significant weight loss effect observed with incretin drugs has now provided medicines to fight the world-wide obesity epidemic.  

Like many first-generation medicines, incretin drugs can cause adverse effects. The rapid weight loss caused by those drugs, like stringent low calorie diets, leads not only to the desired loss in fat mass but also has been associated with loss of muscle mass and bone density, which could potentially lead to frailty, falls and fractures in an aging population. The observed rapid weight rebound effect after cessation of incretin treatment is another potential point of concern.

Through the strategic collaboration with AstralBio, iBio is focusing its initial efforts in the obesity and cardiometabolic space on well-validated targets in the TGFß pathway with the goal to limit weight loss related muscle loss and reduction in bone density and other targets that promote effects that provide short and long term benefits for patients suffering from obesity and cardiovascular diseases.

Anti-Myostatin Antibody

Myostatin, also known as growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), is a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family member that functions to limit skeletal muscle growth and inhibits muscle growth. A loss of function in the myostatin gene leads to a reduction or absence of this inhibitory effect, resulting in increased muscle mass and strength. This genetic alteration can cause significant muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia, meaning individuals or animals with myostatin loss of function have larger and more numerous muscle fibers. While this can be beneficial for muscle development, it may also have implications for overall metabolism and cardiovascular health.

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Pharmacological intervention targeting myostatin can be achieved by either blocking myostatin from interacting with its receptor or by targeting the receptor directly. Through the discovery collaboration with AstralBio, iBio is using its StableHu and mammalian display technology to discover and identify antibodies against myostatin preventing it from binding to its receptor and which are differentiated against competitor anti-myostatin antibodies. The discovery campaign will be designed to, among other goals, optimize potency, specificity, developability and half-life of novel molecules.

Immuno-Oncology

There have been notable advances in the field of oncology in recent years, and arguably none more important than the advent of immunotherapies. The Company has established its own AI drug discovery and drug development capabilities in San Diego, California, and has built a pre-clinical pipeline of six immuno-oncology programs.

IBIO-101

IBIO-101 is our second-generation anti-CD25 mAb that has demonstrated in preclinical models of disease the ability to bind and deplete immunosuppressive regulatory T [Treg] cells to inhibit the growth of solid tumors.

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Targeting depletion of Treg cells to control tumors emerged as an area of interest in oncology over the past several years. Since Treg cells express interleukin-2 Rα (“IL-2Rα” or “CD25”), it was envisioned mAbs could be developed that bind CD25 and thereby trigger depletion by Natural Killer cells, resulting in stimulation of anti-tumor immunity.

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Unfortunately, while first-generation mAbs successfully bound CD25⁺ cells, they also interfered with interleukin-2 [IL-2] signaling to T effector [Teff] cells to activate their cancer cell killing effects. The result was a failure of first-gen anti-CD25 mAbs as cancer immunotherapies, since their favorable anti-Treg effects were negated by their unfavorable impact on Teff cells.

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Figure 7: Mechanism of action of first and 2^nd generation Treg depleting antibodies

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In vitro characterization of IBIO-101 demonstrated potent binding to recombinant CD25 while preserving IL-2 signaling. Further assessment of IBIO-101 showed selective Treg depletion and sparing of Teffs.

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Figure 8: In vitro characterization of IBIO-101

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In a humanized mouse disease model, IBIO-101, when used as a monotherapy, effectively demonstrated its mechanism of action by significantly enhancing the Treg/Teff ratio, resulting in the suppression of tumor growth. When paired with an anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor in the same model, the combined treatment of IBIO-101 and anti-PD-1 exhibited superior tumor inhibition compared to either anti-PD-1 or IBIO-101 used independently.

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Figure 9: IBIO-101 monotherapy in a humanized mouse model leads to increased Treg/Teff ratio, resulting in the suppression of tumor growth

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Figure 10: Combination Therapy of IBIO-101 and anti-PD-1 exhibited superior tumor inhibition compared to anti-PD-1 or IBIO-101 alone

iBio has progressed IBIO-101 to the IND-enabling phase and entrusted its Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) development to a Contract Research Organization (CRO). In the initial stages of this process, IBIO-101 has exhibited promising attributes for CMC progression. Notably, we've pinpointed optimal cell lines for master cell bank creation and have set in place a CMC methodology to produce IBIO-101 in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, standards.

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Figure 11: IBIO-101 has shown favorable characteristics for CMC development

An anti-CD25 antibody could be applicable in a number of indications including solid tumors, leukemia, and potentially additional orphan diseases.  The Company continues to review the IL-2 sparing anti-CD25 antibody program, IBIO-101, including evaluating whether it can be utilized in certain orphan diseases. If such evaluation is promising, the Company will determine whether to initiate discussions with FDA before the end of calendar year 2025 to outline a potential clinical pathway for the program.

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TROP-2 x CD3 Bispecific

iBio has identified highly potent, fully human TROP-2 (Trophoblast Cell Surface Antigen 2) monoclonal antibodies, which have been formatted into bispecific TROP-2 x CD3 molecules using the Company’s T-cell engager antibody panel, EngageTx. TROP-2 is highly expressed in multiple solid tumors, including breast, lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers and is closely linked to metastasis and tumor growth. TROP-2 antibody drug conjugates have been developed to deliver toxic payloads to these cancer cells but could risk harming healthy cells and cause adverse effects. The Company’s bispecific approach has the potential to increase the therapeutic window, while promoting a robust and long-lasting anti-tumor response. Combining the bispecific TROP-2 approach with immunotherapies like checkpoint inhibitors can potentially lead to improved clinical outcomes.

Figure 12: Proposed mechanism of action of iBio’s TROP-2 x CD3 bispecific antibodies

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Using EngageTx, iBio’s lead TROP-2 x CD3 bispecific antibody was engineered to potently kill tumor cells while limiting the release of cytokines, like Interferon Gamma (IFNg), Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFa), all of which have the potential to cause cytokine release syndrome. When compared to a bispecific molecule engineered with iBio’s TROP-2 binding arm and a first generation CD3 engager, SP34, the Company’s lead TROP-2 x CD3 bispecific antibody showed a markedly reduced cytokine release profile, potentially indicating a decreased risk for cytokine release syndrome.

Figure 13: iBio’s TROP-2 x CD3 lead antibody shows reduced cytokine release while retaining tumor cell killing potential

When tested in a humanized mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma, iBio’s lead TROP-2 x CD3 bi-specific antibody demonstrated a significant 36 percent reduction in tumor size within just 14 days after tumor implantation, and after only a single dose.

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Figure 14: iBio’s lead TROP-2 x CD3 molecule showed a 36% reduction in tumor size in an animal model engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear immune cells (PBMC) and human tumor cells

MUC16

MUC16 is a well-known cancer target often overexpressed in several types of solid tumors, including ovarian, lung, and pancreas cancers. Specifically, MUC16 is a large extracellular protein expressed on more than 80% of ovarian tumors. Tumor cells can evade immune attack by shedding or glycosylating MUC16, making it difficult for traditional antibody therapies to effectively target and destroy the cancer cells.

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Figure 15: MUC16 structure and mechanisms to evade anti-cancer therapy

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Using the Company’s patented epitope steering AI platform, iBio's innovative approach to this challenge allows its new mAbs to bind to a specific region of MUC16 that is not shed or glycosylated, circumventing both tumor evasion mechanisms and potentially providing a powerful tool in the fight against cancer.

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Figure 16: iBio’s epitope steering approach and immunization strategy to target the non-shed MUC16 region

During its immunization and screening campaign, iBio identified several hits that specifically bound to the non-shed region of MUC16 while no binding to the shed fragment of MUC16 was observed.

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Figure 17: iBio’s hit molecules bind to the non-shed but not the shed region of MUC16

Establishing antibodies with the ability to bind to a recombinant version of their target protein represents a vital initial step in the validation process.  However, it's crucial to ensure such antibodies maintain their binding affinity in a whole cell context, specifically when the target protein is expressed on a cell's surface. To best predict therapeutic efficacy, it's recommended to utilize tumor cells as a means to demonstrate and confirm this cell binding capability. During pre-clinical studies, iBio’s MUC16 molecule has demonstrated binding to MUC16 on OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells as shown below.

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Figure 18: iBio’s MUC16 molecule shows binding to MUC16 on human ovarian cancer cells

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Another critical step in antibody optimization is the humanization of molecules originally raised in mice or other species. Humanization efforts of antibodies carry the risk of, among other things, losing binding strength. After engineering the leading MUC16 molecule with a fully human framework, the MUC16 molecule retained potent binding to the engineered epitope and maintained binding to human OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells.

Figure 19: iBio’s humanized MUC16 molecule retains binding to the engineered epitope and human tumor cell lines

EGFRvIII

EGFRvIII is a specific variant of the EGFR protein, unique to tumor cells. Unlike the more common EGFR, EGFRvIII is not found in healthy cells, making it an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. This variant is most prominently associated with glioblastoma, a type of brain cancer and head and neck cancer, but can also be present in certain cases of breast, lung, and ovarian cancers, among others. In our pursuit of innovative treatments, iBio is exploring antibody therapeutics that specifically target EGFRvIII, aiming to address these cancer types without affecting healthy cells.

Leveraging our patented AI-enabled epitope steering engine, we've specifically directed antibodies to target a unique epitope found exclusively on EGFRvIII, and not on the wildtype receptor, EGFR. Through this precision approach, iBio has designed tumor-specific molecules aimed at selectively targeting cancer cells while preserving healthy ones, potentially offering patients a more focused and safer therapeutic solution.

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Figure 20: Tumor epitope specific antibodies target tumor cells while sparing healthy cells

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iBio's hit molecules have demonstrated strong binding to the tumor-specific EGFRvIII protein without targeting the wildtype EGFR.  Additionally, these molecules have effectively eliminated tumor cells, while sparing healthy ones, in in vitro cell killing tests.

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Figure 21: In vitro characterization of iBio’s hit molecules demonstrates selective binding to EGFRvIII leading to tumor-specific cell killing while sparing healthy cells

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iBio’s lead anti-EGFRvIII antibody was specially engineered to enhance its ability to attack cancer cells and has proven effective in a mouse model for head and neck cancer. In preclinical studies, iBio’s anti-EGFRvIII antibody demonstrated a 43 percent reduction in tumor growth compared to untreated animals.

Figure 22: iBio’s lead molecule demonstrates efficacy in a mouse model for head and neck cancer

CCR8

GPCRs are one of the most successful therapeutic target classes, with approximately one-third of all approved drugs targeting these proteins. Compared to small molecule-based GPCR drugs, antibody-based GPCR therapeutics potentially offer several potential advantages, including superior selectivity, extended mechanisms of action, and longer half-life. However, GPCRs are intricate, multi-membrane spanning receptors, making clinically relevant regions difficult to identify and target.

The chemokine receptor CCR8 is a GPCR which is predominantly expressed on Tregs, which play a role in suppressing immune responses. In the context of cancer, Tregs can inhibit the body's natural immune response against tumor cells, promoting cancer progression. Anti-CCR8 antibodies are being explored as a therapeutic strategy to deplete these Tregs in the tumor environment. By targeting and reducing Tregs using anti-CCR8 antibodies, the hope is to enhance the body's immune response against cancer cells, offering a promising avenue for cancer treatment.

Aiming directly at CCR8 is believed to be a safer approach because it focuses on specific suppressive Treg cells in the tumor environment without affecting other immune cells and functions. It's important to make sure antibodies are fine-tuned to CCR8 and don't mistakenly target a similar receptor, CCR4. This is because CCR4 is found in many immune cells, and accidentally targeting it could potentially lead to unwanted side effects.

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Figure 23: Proposed mechanism of action for selective anti-CCR8 antibodies

Using its unique AI-driven technology, iBio successfully identified molecules targeting CCR8, addressing some of the hurdles often faced when creating therapies that target GPCR with antibodies. iBio's specialized anti-CCR8 antibody has shown strong attachment to cells expressing CCR8 and effectively disrupted the CCR8 signaling process, resulting in the efficient elimination of Tregs derived from primary human immune cells. Notably, iBio's CCR8-focused molecule did not attach to cells overproducing CCR4, highlighting its precision in targeting only CCR8.

Figure 24: Selective binding to CCR8 and inhibition of the CCR8 signaling pathway by iBio’s lead molecule leads to potent killing of Tregs derived from primary human immune cells

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iBio’s CCR8 antibody has proven effective in a mouse model for colon cancer. Preclinical studies show iBio’s anti-CCR8 molecule inhibited tumor growth and achieved a 22 percent reduction in tumor size compared to its pre-treatment dimensions.  iBio specifically engineered the anti-CCR8 molecule as a high Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibody to enhance its ability to attack cancer cells.

Figure 25: iBio’s lead CCR8 antibody inhibited tumor growth and achieved a 22 percent tumor regression in a humanized mouse model for colon cancer

Digital Infrastructure

iBio is a firm believer in the transformative power of digital technologies, including robotics, automation, AI, ML, and cloud computing. These technologies are integral to operationalizing our strategy, accelerating our learning curve, and executing at scale. As such, the Company has made substantial investments in these areas.  iBio’s aspiration is to digitize our operations to the greatest extent possible, harnessing the potential of digital technology to maximize our impact on human health. As the Company continues to grow, we remain committed to further investing in our digital infrastructure to support our ambitious goals.

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Strategic Alliances, Collaborations, and Joint Ventures

iBio has formed collaborations and strategic alliances to gain access to funding, capabilities, technical resources and intellectual property to further its development efforts, commercialize its technology and to generate revenues, including through the use of our patented epitope-steering AI-engine and our EngageTX platform.

Astral Bio

On March 27, 2024, iBio entered into a collaboration with AstralBio to discover and develop novel antibodies for obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases. As part of the collaboration, iBio has granted an exclusive license to its AI-powered technology to identify and engineer four (4) targets for the treatment of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, of which AstralBio may continue the pre-clinical development and deploy its proven drug development expertise to advance candidates to an Investigational New Drug (IND) application. iBio has the exclusive option to license three (3) obesity and cardiometabolic targets from AstralBio and will receive the rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize those targets upon exercise. As a result of this collaboration, iBio and AstralBio have agreed to initiate the development of an

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anti-myostatin antibody program focused on targeting the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) superfamily for the treatment of muscle wasting and obesity. Upon mutual consent, the parties may also expand the collaboration to include additional targets in other fields.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

On June 12, 2023, iBio entered into a research collaboration with NIAID, a component of the NIH, to investigate the potential of iBio’s patented AI-driven epitope steering platform for the development of a vaccine for Lassa fever, a sometimes fatal viral disease endemic to parts of West Africa.  Under the collaboration, iBio worked with the NIAID’s Vaccine Research Center to determine whether using iBio’s AI Discovery Platform to steer immunity toward viral epitopes identified by the vaccine center’s researchers could offer advantages over other vaccine development approaches. iBio designed ten engineered epitopes for the collaboration, which were screened for binding to three known Lassa fever neutralizing antibodies, alongside the NIAID 's Vaccines Research Center’s internal epitope designs. Importantly, iBio’s engineered epitopes showed binding to the Lassa neutralizing antibodies and were among the top-ranked hits regarding expression, an important consideration for cost-effective vaccine production.  While the NIAID elected not to proceed with joint optimization of the lead hits, iBio enhanced its discovery process as a result of the collaboration, incorporating diffusion-based generative AI models into its engineered epitope designs. The new models are already contributing to iBio’s pipeline development and are being used with current partners.

Other Partnerships Using iBio’s AI Discovery Platform

During the first quarter fiscal year 2024, iBio entered into a collaboration with a partner to license the use of the Company’s AI Discovery Platform to assist such partner with two targets of interest.  While iBio completed the discovery and research portions of the collaboration, the partner elected not to proceed with the optimization and trigger a license of the two targets of interest, noting internal strategic focus.  During the second quarter fiscal year 2024, iBio entered into a discovery collaboration with a large pharmaceutical company to assist such partner by using the Company’s patented AI-driven epitope steering platform to assist with one "hard to develop" molecule.  

iBio continues to seek out opportunities for future collaborations using the Company’s AI Discovery Platform.

Several agreements with RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc.

On August 23, 2021, we entered into a series of agreements with RubrYc described in more detail below:

Collaboration and License Agreement: iBio entered into a collaboration and licensing agreement (the “RTX-003 License Agreement”) with RubrYc to further develop RubrYc’s immune-oncology antibodies in its RTX-003 campaign.  During the term of the RTX-003 License Agreement, RubrYc granted us an exclusive worldwide sublicensable royalty-bearing license under the patents controlled by RubrYc that cover the RTX-003 antibodies. The RTX-003 License Agreement was terminated when the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of RubrYc in September 2022, including RubrYc’s immune-oncology antibodies in its RTX-003 campaign.

Collaboration, Option and License Agreement: iBio entered into a collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) with RubrYc to collaborate for up to five years to discover and develop novel antibody therapeutics using RubrYc’s artificial intelligence discovery platform. In addition, RubrYc granted the Company an exclusive option to obtain a worldwide sublicensable commercial license with respect to each of the lead product candidates resulting from such collaboration programs (the “Selected Compounds”). With the exception of any obligations that survive the termination, the Collaboration, Option and License Agreement was terminated when the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of RubrYc in September 2022.

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Stock Purchase Agreement: In connection with the entry into the Collaboration Agreement and RTX-003 License Agreement, iBio also entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (“Stock Purchase Agreement”) with RubrYc whereby we purchased 1,909,563 shares of RubrYc’s Series A-2 preferred stock “Series A-2 Preferred”) for $5,000,000 and acquired an additional 954,782 shares of RubrYc’s Series A-2 Preferred. In connection with the Stock Purchase Agreement, iBio entered into the RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement (the “Investors’ Rights Agreement”), RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Voting Agreement (the “Voting Agreement”) and the RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale Agreement (the “Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale Agreement”).

The rights, preferences of and privileges of the RubrYc Series A-2 Preferred Stock (“Series A-2 Preferred”) are set forth in the Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of RubrYc Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Amended RubrYc COI”), and include a preferential eight percent (8%) dividend, senior rights on liquidation, the right to elect a Series A-2 Preferred director for as long as we hold at least 1,500,000 shares of RubrYc stock, the right to vote on an as-converted basis, certain anti-dilution and other protective provisions, the right to convert the Series A-2 Preferred into shares of RubrYc common stock at our option, and mandatory conversion of the Series A-2 Preferred into shares of RubrYc common stock upon (a) the closing of a firm-commitment underwritten public offering to the public pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for shares of RubrYc common stock at a per share price of at least five (5) times the Series A-2 Original Issue Price (as defined in the Amended RubrYc COI) and resulting in at least $30,000,000 of gross proceeds to RubrYc or (b) such other date, time or event, specified by vote or written consent of the majority of the aggregate voting power, on an as-converted basis, of the RubrYc Series A preferred stock (“Series A Preferred” and together with the Series A-2 Preferred, the “Senior Preferred Stock”) and Series A-2 Preferred. The Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale Agreement gives RubrYc the right of first refusal on stock sales by key holders, generally defined as founders, and a second right of first refusal and a co-sale right to specified other investors, including certain holders of Senior Preferred Stock and the Company.

The Investors’ Rights Agreement provides the holders of Senior Preferred Stock with, among things: (i) demand registration rights, under specified circumstances; (ii) piggyback registration rights in the event of a company registered offering; (iii) lock-up and market-standoff obligations following a registered underwritten public offering; (iv) preemptive rights on company offered securities; and (v) additional protective covenants that require the approval at least two of the three directors elected by the holders of the Senior Preferred Stock.

Pursuant to the Voting Agreement, certain RubrYc stockholders are contractually obligated to, among other things, vote for and maintain the authorized number of directors at five members, one of which the Company has the contractual right to elect subject to the conditions set forth above.

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Asset Purchase Agreement: On September 19, 2022, iBio purchased substantially all of the assets of RubrYc, including the AI Drug Discovery Platform, RTX-003 (IBIO-101), all Selected Compounds, three additional immune-oncology candidates, a PD-1 agonist, in addition to lab and technology equipment pursuant to an asset purchase agreement, dated September 16, 2022 (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”).  On September 19, 2022, in connection with the closing of the acquisition, we entered into a termination agreement (the “Termination Agreement”) with RubrYc in order terminate the RTX-003 License Agreement and the Collaboration Agreement, which terminated any and all future milestone payments or royalty obligations we had under those agreements.  Under the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, upon closing of the acquisition, we made an upfront payment of approximately $1,000,000 by issuing 102,354 (post reverse split effected in October 2022) shares of our common stock, par value $.001 per share (the “Common Stock”) to RubrYc.  RubrYc is also eligible to receive up to $5,000,000 in development milestone over the period of five years from the date of the Asset Purchase Agreement, which can be paid in shares of our Common Stock or cash, at our sole discretion.  In addition, we had advanced RubrYc $484,000 to support their operation costs during the negotiation period and incurred transaction costs totaling $208,000, which were also capitalized as part of the assets acquired.  The assets acquired include the patented AI drug discovery platform, all rights with no future milestone payments or royalty obligations, to IBIO-101 (RTX-003), in addition to CCR8, EGFRvIII, MUC16, CD3 and one additional immuno-oncology candidate plus a PD-1 agonist. The Asset Purchase Agreement contained representations, warranties and covenants of RubrYc and the Company.  

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Facility Purchase from Eastern Capital Limited

On November 1, 2021, we purchased the manufacturing facility (the “Facility”) previously operated under a lease from two affiliates of Eastern Capital Limited (the “Eastern Affiliates”). We also acquired the approximate 30% equity interest (after conversion) in iBio CDMO LLC (“iBio CDMO”) held by the Eastern Affiliates, who became the lessee under the ground lease agreement with the Board of Regents of the Texas A&M University System (the “Ground Lease Agreement”) for the land upon which the Facility is located and terminated the Sublease iBio had entered into with the Eastern Affiliates. As a result, iBio CDMO and its intellectual property are now wholly owned by iBio. The total purchase price for the Facility, the termination of the Sublease and other agreements among the parties, and the equity described below was $28,750,000, which was paid $28,000,000 in cash and by the issuance to Bryan Capital Investors LLC, an affiliate of the Eastern Affiliates a five-year warrant to purchase 51,583 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $33.25 per share.

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In connection with the purchase of the Facility, iBio CDMO entered into a Credit Agreement, dated November 1, 2021 (the “Credit Agreement”), with Woodforest National Bank (“Woodforest”) pursuant to which Woodforest provided iBio CDMO a $22,375,000 secured term loan (the “Term Loan”) to purchase the Facility, which Term Loan was evidenced by a Term Note (the “Term Note”). The Term Loan originally bore an interest at a rate of 3.25%, with higher interest rates upon an event of default, which interest was payable monthly beginning November 5, 2021.  Principal on the Term Loan was originally payable on November 1, 2023, subject to early termination upon events of default. The Term Loan provided that it could be prepaid by iBio CDMO at any time and provided for mandatory prepayment upon certain circumstances. The Term Loan was secured by a lien on all of the assets of iBio CDMO and we guaranteed payments of the obligations owed under the Term Loan.

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The Credit Agreement contained customary events of default (which were in some cases subject to certain exceptions, thresholds, notice requirements and grace periods), including, but not limited to, nonpayment of principal or interest, failure to perform or observe covenants, breaches of representations and warranties, cross-defaults with certain other indebtedness, certain bankruptcy-related events or proceedings, final monetary judgments or orders and certain change of control events. The Credit Agreement also contained negative covenants.

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On October 11, 2022, iBio CDMO and Woodforest amended the Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”) to: (i) include a payment of $5,500,000 of the outstanding principal balance owed under the Credit Agreement on the date of the First Amendment, (ii) include a payment of $5,100,000 of the outstanding principal balance owed under the Credit Agreement within two (2) business days upon our receipt of such amount owed to us by Fraunhofer USA, Inc. (“Fraunhofer”) as part of our legal settlement with them (the “Fraunhofer Settlement Funds”) (see Note 19 – Fraunhofer Settlement for more information), (iii) include principal payments of $250,000 per month in debt amortization for a six-month period commencing the date of the amendment through March 2023, (iv) include an amendment fee of $22,375 and all costs and expenses, (v) require delivery of a report detailing cash flow expenditures every two (2) weeks for the period prior to the delivery of the last report and a monthly 12-month forecast, (vi) reduce the liquidity covenant in the Guaranty (as defined in the Credit Agreement) from $10 million to $7.5 million with the ability to lower the liquidity covenant to $5.0 million upon the occurrence of a specific milestone in the Credit Agreement, and (vii) change the annual filing requirement solely for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022.  In addition, Woodforest cancelled the irrevocable letter of credit issued by JPMorgan Chase Bank upon closing of the First Amendment.

On February 9, 2023, iBio CDMO and Woodforest entered into a second amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), which amendment, among other things, added a milestone that had to be met by a specified date, the failure of which would be an event of default.  In addition, on February 9, 2023, the Company, as guarantor, entered into a second amendment to the Guaranty, which as amended, among other things, allowed the Company to account for the Fraunhofer Settlement Funds in determining whether the Company was in compliance with the Liquidity Covenant until a specified period dependent upon the occurrence of a specific milestone in the Credit Agreement.

On February 20, 2023, iBio CDMO entered into a third amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Third Amendment”), which removed the added milestone specified in the Second Amendment, the failure of which would be an event of default.  In addition, the Guaranty was amended to allow the Company until February 28, 2023, to account for the Fraunhofer Settlement Funds in determining whether the Company was in compliance with the Liquidity Covenant without being

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dependent upon a specified milestone.  In addition, the Company agreed that each time it consummated an at-the-market issuance of Equity Interests (as defined within the Credit Agreement), no later than five (5) days following such issuance of Equity Interests, it would (i) pay to Woodforest in immediately available cash funds, without setoff or counterclaim of any kind, forty percent (40%) of the Net Proceeds (as defined within the Credit Agreement) received by the Company for such issuance of Equity Interests; provided, any such payment would cease upon payment obligations in full and (ii) provide Woodforest with a detailed accounting of each such issuance of Equity Interests.

On March 24, 2023, iBio CDMO and Woodforest entered into a fourth amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Fourth Amendment”), which within the Fourth Amendment Woodforest agreed to (i) reduce the percentage of any payment to Woodforest the Company was required to make from the proceeds of sales of its common stock under its at-the-market facility from 40% to 20%, (ii) reduce the percentage of any payment to Woodforest the Company was required to make from the proceeds of sales of its equipment from 40% to 20%, and (iii) allowed the Company to retain $2,000,000 million of the $5,100,000 million that the Company received from the Fraunhofer Settlement Funds, with the remaining $3,000,000 million being held in a Company account at Woodforest.  In addition, the Company was obligated to (y) deliver to Woodforest an executed copy of a purchase agreement (the “Woodforest Purchase Agreement”) for the sale of the Facility, no later than April 14, 2023, and (z) pay to Woodforest a fee in the amount of $75,000 on the earlier of the date of the closing of the Woodforest Purchase Agreement, or the maturity date of the term loan (the “Maturity Date”).  In addition, on March 24, 2023, the Company, as guarantor, entered into a fourth amendment to the Guaranty, which reduced the Liquidity Covenant from $7,500,000 to $1,000,000.  

On May 10, 2023, iBio CDMO and Woodforest entered into a fifth amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Fifth Amendment”), pursuant to which Woodforest agreed to: (i) waive the obligation to deliver to Woodforest an executed copy of a Woodforest Purchase Agreement for the sale of the Facility no later than April 14, 2023 and, (ii) release $500,000 of the $3.0 million being held in a Company account at Woodforest when the outstanding principal amount was reduced to $10.0 million and for each additional $2.5 million reduction of the outstanding principal amount, an additional $750,000 was to be released from the Company account at Woodforest.  In addition, starting on the effective date of the Fifth Amendment, the interest on the Term Loan was increased to 5.25%, and the Term Loan further accrued interest, payable in kind and added to the balance of the outstanding principal amount at a fixed rate per annum equal to (a) 1.00%, if the Facility was sold on or before June 30, 2023, (b) 2.00% if the Facility was sold after June 2023, but on or before September 30, 2023, or (c) 3:00%, if the Facility was sold after September 30, 2023, or not sold prior to the Maturity Date.  The Company also agreed to pay Woodforest a fee in the amount of (x) $75,000 if the Facility was sold on or before June 30, 2023, (y) $100,000 if the Facility was sold after June 2023, but on or before September 30, 2023, or (x) $125,000, if the Facility was sold after September 30, 2023, or not sold prior to the Maturity Date.

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On September 18, 2023, iBio CDMO and Woodforest entered into a sixth amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Sixth Amendment”), which amended the Credit Agreement to: (i) set the Maturity Date to the earlier of (a) December 31, 2023, or (b) the acceleration of maturity of the term loan in accordance with the Credit Agreement, (ii) provided that iBio CDMO would, immediately upon receipt of the proceeds of the sale of the Facility, apply the net proceeds to satisfy all outstanding obligations under the term loan, and to the extent such net proceeds were sufficient, to pay off the term loan, and (iii) change the annual filing requirement solely for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2023; provided that (y) iBio CDMO deliver an executed copy of the Purchase and Sale Agreement for the sale of the Facility within one business day after entry into the Sixth Amendment, and (z) if the Facility was not sold on or before December 1, 2023, iBio CDMO would pay a fee in the amount of $20,000 upon the earlier of the date of the closing or the Maturity Date.

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On October 4, 2023, iBio CDMO and Woodforest entered into the seventh amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Seventh Amendment”), which amendment among other things, permitted the Company, in each case, so long as no Potential Default or Default (as such terms were defined in the Credit Agreement) to make the following withdrawals from the Reserve Funds Deposit Account (as defined in the Credit Agreement): (i) up to $1,000,000 on October 4, 2023 so long as iBio CDMO maintained a minimum balance of $2,000,000 until October 16, 2023, (ii) up to an additional $750,000 after October 16, 2023 so long as iBio CDMO maintained a minimum balance of $1,250,000 until November 13, 2023, and (iii) up to an additional $250,000 after November 13, 2023 so long as iBio CDMO maintained a minimum balance of $1,000,000 until Payment in Full (as defined in the Credit Agreement).  On the earlier of (a) the closing of the Woodforest Purchase Agreement (as defined in the Credit Agreement), or (b) the Maturity Date, the Company would pay Woodforest $20,000.  In addition, on October 4, 2023, the Company, as guarantor, entered into the Fifth Amendment to the Guaranty,

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which amendment reduced the liquidity covenant that required the Company to maintain a specified amount in unrestricted cash to $0.00.

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On December 22, 2023, iBio CDMO and Woodforest entered into the eighth amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Eight Amendment”), which amendment: (i) set the Maturity Date to the earlier of (a) March 29, 2024, or (b) the acceleration of maturity of the term loan in accordance with the Credit Agreement; (ii) reduced the interest rate from 5.25% to 4.5% and increased the payment in kind from 3% to 4.5%; and (iii) permitted the Company, so long as no Potential Default or Default (as such terms were defined in the Credit Agreement) exists to make a withdrawal from the Reserve Funds Deposit Account (as defined in the Credit Agreement) so long as iBio CDMO maintained a minimum balance of $900,000 until Payment in Full (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Eighth Amendment provided that the iBio CDMO used its best efforts to consummate and close a sale of the Property on or before the Maturity Date. The amendment also increased the fees payable by iBio CDMO to Woodforest by $10,000.  Accordingly, per the amendment, on the earlier of (a) the closing of the sale of the Property, or (b) the Maturity Date, iBio CDMO would pay Woodforest a fee in the amount of $155,000.

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On March 28, 2024, iBio CDMO and Woodforest entered into the Ninth Amendment (the “Ninth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement, which amended the Credit Agreement to: (i) set the Maturity Date of the term loan to the earlier of (a) May 15, 2024, or (b) the acceleration of maturity of the term loan in in accordance with the Credit Agreement.

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On May 14, 2024, iBio CDMO and Woodforest entered into the tenth amendment to the Credit Agreement, which amended the Credit Agreement to: (i) set the Maturity Date to the earlier of (a) May 31, 2024, or (b) the acceleration of maturity of the term loan in accordance with the Credit Agreement.

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On May 31, 2024, pursuant to that certain Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2024 (the “Purchase and Sale Agreement”), by and between iBio CDMO and The Board of Regents of the Texas A&M University System (“The Board of Regents”), iBio CDMO terminated its Ground Lease Agreement with The Board of Regents, dated March 8, 2010, as amended by an Estoppel Certificate and Amendment to Ground Lease Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2015 (collectively, the “Ground Lease”), related to 21.401 acres in Brazos County, Texas (the “Land”) and completed the sale to The Board of Regents of: (i) the buildings, parking areas, improvements, and fixtures situated on the Land (the “Improvements”); (iii) all iBio CDMO’s right, title, and interest in and to furniture, personal property, machinery, apparatus, and equipment owned and currently used in the operation, repair and maintenance of the Land and Improvements and situated thereon (collectively, the “Personal Property”); (iii) all iBio CDMO’s rights under the contracts and agreements relating to the operation or maintenance of the Land, Improvements or Personal Property which extend beyond the closing date (the “Contracts”); and (iv) all iBio CDMO’s rights in intangible assets of any nature relating to any or all of the Land, the Improvements and the Personal Property (the “Intangibles”; and together with the Ground Lease, Improvements and Personal Property, collectively, the “Property”). The purchase price was $8,500,000.

On May 31, 2024, in accordance with the terms of the Settlement Agreement entered into on May 17, 2024 with Woodforest in consideration of the payment in full of all Obligations (as such term was defined under the Credit Agreement (a) iBio CDMO paid to Woodforest (i) $8,500,000, which it received from the sale of the Property under the Purchase and Sale Agreement, and (ii) approximately $915,000 from restricted cash which had previously been held by Woodforest, and (b) the Company issued a Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase 1,560,570 shares of its common stock to Woodforest. The Pre-Funded Warrant expires upon full exercise thereof and is exercisable at a nominal exercise price equal to $0.0001 per share.

Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Credit Agreement, the Guaranty dated November 1, 2021 and the other Loan Documents (as defined in the Credit Agreement) were terminated and Woodforest released the Company and iBio CDMO from any and all claims, debts, liabilities or causes of action it may have against them prior to May 31, 2024, and the Company and iBio CDMO released Woodforest and its related parties from any and all claims, debts, liabilities or causes of action it may have against them prior to May 31, 2024.

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Intellectual Property

We currently own 69 patents. Of the 69 patents, 18 are U.S. and 51 are international. Since July 1, 2023, we have primarily focused our intellectual property estate on our preclinical assets including provisional and regular patents in the U.S., including for CD25 antibodies, chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) antibodies, epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) antibodies, anti-MUC16 antibodies, TROP2 antibodies, CD3 antibodies, and for high-efficiency, conditionally-activated antibodies.  We now have 13 U.S., 5 Patent Cooperation Treaty, and 40 international applications pending. International patents and applications include numerous foreign countries including Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, and several countries in Europe.  All of our patents will expire between 2024 and 2040 with 15 patents, all part of the de-prioritized plant portfolio, expiring in 2024.  

Included in the 69 patents are 30 U.S. and foreign applications that we acquired from RubrYc for novel antibodies, scaffold technology, and a machine learning apparatus for engineering meso-scale peptides, including 1 allowed application.  

As part of the plant portfolio, we exclusively own the right to use certain intellectual property acquired by or developed at Fraunhofer for human health and certain veterinary and diagnostic applications. We also own intellectual property developed or acquired independently of Fraunhofer as part of the plant portfolio.  The 15 patents expiring in 2024 in the U.S. and overseas are all related to the production of proteins in plants where we are making no investments.

In addition to patents and patent applications that we own, our plant-focused patent estate relies on trade secrets and know-how, which we have been seeking a partner to out-license including proprietary technology and processes.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technologies and preclinical assets. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary rights, by among other methods, filing patent applications in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions to cover certain aspects of our technology. We continue to prepare patent applications relating to our expanding technology in the U.S. and abroad.

The technology and products covered by our issued and pending patent applications are summarized below:

Pending Product Patent Applications (U.S. and International)

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Pending Technology Patent Applications (U.S. and International)

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Technology and Product Patents (U.S.)

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Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products.

We face competition from many different sources, including commercial pharmaceutical and biotechnology enterprises, academic institutions, government agencies, and private and public research institutions. Our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than any products that we or our collaborators may develop based on the use of our technologies.

While we believe that the potential advantages of our new technologies will enable us to compete effectively against other providers of technology for biologic product development and manufacturing, many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through arrangements with large and established companies, and this may reduce the value of our technologies for the purposes of establishing license agreements. In addition, these third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies and technology licenses complementary to our programs or advantageous to our business.

We expect to rely upon licensees, collaborators or customers for support in advancing certain of our drug candidates and intend to rely on additional work with our collaborators during our efforts to commercialize our product candidates. Our licensees, collaborators or customers may be conducting multiple product development efforts within the same disease areas that are the subjects of their agreements with us. Agreements with collaborators may not preclude them from pursuing development efforts using a different approach from that which is the subject of our agreement with them. Any of our drug candidates, therefore, may be subject to competition with a drug candidate under development by a customer.

There are currently approved vaccines and therapies for many of the diseases and conditions addressed by the product candidates our partners and collaborators may be developing or manufacturing or in our own pipeline. Technological developments in our field of research and development occur at a rapid rate and we expect competition to intensify as

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advances in this field are made. We will be required to continue to devote substantial resources and efforts to our research and development activities.

As a biopharmaceutical company with a focus on cancer therapeutics, we compete with a broad range of companies. At the highest level, our therapeutics can be seen as both a complement and a potential competitor to any oncology therapy, most notably chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biologics and small molecule drugs. Not only do we compete with companies engaged in various cancer treatments including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but we also compete with various companies that have developed or are trying to develop immunology vaccines for the treatment of cancer. Certain of our competitors have substantially greater capital resources, large customer bases, broader product lines, sales forces, greater marketing and management resources, larger research and development staffs with extensive facilities and equipment than we do and have more established reputations as well as global distribution channels. Our most significant competitors, among others, are fully integrated pharmaceutical companies such as Eli Lilly and Company, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis AG, MedImmune, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca plc), Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Inc., Merck KGaA and Sanofi SA, and more established biotechnology companies such as Genentech, Inc. (a member of the Roche Group), Amgen Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc. and its subsidiary Kite Pharma, Inc., more advanced obesity and cardiometabolic companies such as Keros Therapeutics, Inc., Scholar Rock, Inc., and Biohaven, Ltd., and competing cancer immunotherapy companies such as, Bluebird Bio, Inc., Transgene SA, Bausch Health Companies, Lumos Pharma, Agenus Inc., Aduro Biotech, Inc., Advaxis, Inc., ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd., IMV Inc., Oxford BioMedica plc, Bavarian Nordic A/S, Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., as well as tech enabled drug discovery companies such as Recursion, Abcellera Biologics, Inc., Cellarity, BenevolentAI, and others, some of which have substantially greater financial, technical, sales, marketing, and human resources than we do. These companies might succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for competitive products more rapidly than we can for our products. In addition, competitors might develop technologies and products that are less expensive, safer or more effective than those being developed by us or that would render our technology obsolete. In addition, the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is characterized by rapid technological change. Because our research approach integrates many technologies, it may be difficult for us to remain current with the rapid changes in each technology. If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change, we may be unable to compete effectively. Our competitors may render our technologies obsolete by advancing their existing technological approaches or developing new or different approaches.

Research and Development

Our research and development functions are focused on the creation of new products and services, as well as enhancements to our existing offerings, both of which are necessary to maintain our competitive position. Our research and development activities take place primarily at our facilities in San Diego. iBio has leased lab and office space in San Diego for the purpose of conducting research. For the fiscal year 2024, iBio spent $5.2 million in R&D related activities.

Suppliers

We outsource certain functions and supplies to third parties such as Lonza Sales AG, and Twist Bioscience Corporation. While we rely on our outsourcing partners to perform their contracted functions, we are continuing to build internal capabilities. Our suppliers are generally available to meet our demands and supply requirements, but our items are long lead time items that have been exacerbated by the current macro environment due to increased demand.  We continue to mitigate the risks through inventory management, relationship management and evaluation of alternative sources when possible. Refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for a description of risks associated with our reliance on suppliers and outsourcing partners.

Government Regulation and Product Approval

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug products. Generally, before a new drug can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific to each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved by the regulatory authority.

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U.S. Drug Approval Process

All of the vaccine and therapeutic products developed from our technologies will require regulatory approval by governmental agencies prior to commercialization. In particular, pharmaceutical drugs and vaccines are subject to rigorous preclinical testing and clinical trials and other pre-marketing approval requirements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) and regulatory authorities in other countries. In the U.S., various federal, and, in some cases, state statutes and regulations, also govern or impact the manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage, record-keeping and marketing of vaccines and pharmaceutical products. The lengthy process of seeking required approvals and the continuing need for compliance with applicable statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial resources. Regulatory approval, if and when obtained for any of our product candidates, may be limited in scope, which may significantly limit the indicated uses for which our product candidates may be marketed. Further, FDA approved vaccines and drugs are subject to ongoing oversight and discovery of previously unknown problems may result in restrictions on their manufacture, sale or use, or in their withdrawal from the market.

The process required by the FDA before a drug or biological product may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

Preclinical Tests

Before any product candidates with potential immunization or therapeutic value may be tested in human subjects, we must satisfy stringent government requirements for preclinical studies. Preclinical testing includes both in vitro and in vivo laboratory evaluation and characterization of the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. “In vitro” refers to tests conducted with cells in culture and “in vivo” refers to tests conducted in animals. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including GLP. Preclinical testing results obtained from studies in several animal species, as well as data from in vitro studies, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND application and are reviewed by the FDA prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. These preclinical data must provide an adequate basis for evaluating both the safety and the scientific rationale for the initial clinical trials. In the case of vaccine

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candidates, animal immunogenicity and immune protection tests must establish a sound scientific basis to believe that the product candidate may be beneficial when administered to humans.

IND

An IND becomes effective automatically 30 days after receipt by the FDA unless the FDA raises concern or questions about the conduct of the clinical trials as outlined in the IND prior to that time. In such an event, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before clinical trials may proceed. For additional information on the most recent FDA regulations and guidance on vaccine and therapeutic product testing and approval, visit its website at http://www.fda.gov. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to potential safety concerns or non-compliance. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, trials may not recommence without FDA authorization and then only under terms authorized by the FDA. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that suspend or terminate such trials.

Clinical Trails

Clinical trials involve the administration of the product candidate to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety, including stopping rules that assure a clinical trial will be stopped if certain adverse events should occur. Each protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Clinical trials must be conducted and monitored in accordance with the FDA’s regulations composing the good clinical practice requirements, including the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board (the “IRB”) at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the form and content of the informed consent that must be signed by each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. Human clinical trials involving biological products are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all clinical activities, clinical data, and clinical trial investigators. Annual progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted to the FDA. Written IND safety reports must be promptly submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events, any findings from other studies, tests in laboratory animals or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects, or any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The sponsor also must notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction within seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt

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of the information. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor or its data safety monitoring board may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the biological product has been associated with unexpected serious harm to subjects.

Concurrently with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional studies and must also develop additional information about the physical characteristics of the biological product as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other criteria, the sponsor must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, potency and purity of the final biological product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted.

Many other countries in which we might choose to develop drugs or run clinical trials have similar rules and regulation. Although many of the issues discussed above with respect to the United States apply similarly in the context of the European Union or other foreign countries, the approval process varies between countries and jurisdictions and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries and jurisdictions might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.

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Post-Approval Requirements:  

Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirement:

Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement

Foreign Regulation:

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Orphan Drug Act

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the United States for that drug. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the name of the sponsor, identity of the drug or biologic and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. The orphan drug designation does not shorten the duration of the regulatory review or approval process, but does provide certain advantages, such as a waiver of Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, fees, enhanced access to FDA staff and potential waiver of pediatric research requirements.

If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a full NDA, to market the same drug or biologic for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent FDA from approving a different drug or biologic for the same disease or condition, or the same drug or biologic for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the application user fee. A designated orphan drug may not receive orphan drug exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

Accelerated Approval

There are a variety of pathways under which applicants may seek expedited approval from FDA, including fast track, breakthrough therapy, priority review and accelerated approval.  The FDA accelerated approval program provides for early approval of drugs based on a drug on a clinical trial(s) showing that the drug meets a surrogate or an intermediate clinical endpoint rather than a clinical benefit endpoint. Accelerated approval is possible for drugs for serious conditions that fill an unmet medical need.

A surrogate endpoint used for accelerated approval is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, that is thought to predict clinical benefit, but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. Likewise, an intermediate clinical endpoint is a measure of a therapeutic effect that is considered reasonably likely to predict the clinical benefit of a drug, such as an effect on irreversible morbidity and mortality. Because it sometimes can take many years for a drug trial to show a clinical benefit, the use of a surrogate endpoint or an intermediate clinical endpoint can significantly shorten the time required to complete clinical trials and obtain FDA approval.

If a drug receives an accelerated approval, the company that sponsored the application must conduct a post-approval trial to confirm the anticipated clinical benefit. These trials are known as Phase 4 or post-approval confirmatory trials. If the confirmatory trial shows that the drug actually provides a clinical benefit, then the FDA grants traditional approval for the drug. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit during post-marketing studies, will allow the FDA to withdraw the drug from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for drug candidates approved under accelerated regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA. If the confirmatory trial does not show that the drug provides clinical benefit, FDA has regulatory procedures in place that could lead to removing the drug from the market.

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Healthcare Regulations and Healthcare Reform

Healthcare regulation and pricing (included drug pricing) is complex, extensive, and dynamic around the world. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and likely will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system directed at broadening the availability of healthcare, improving the quality of healthcare, and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We expect that there will continue to be a number of federal and state proposals to implement government pricing controls and limit the growth of healthcare costs.

We cannot predict what healthcare reform initiatives may be adopted in the future. Further federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory developments are likely, and we expect ongoing initiatives to increase pressure on drug pricing. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenues from product candidates and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop product candidates.

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We anticipate that current and future U.S. legislative healthcare reforms may result in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product, if covered, and could seriously harm our business. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare and other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

U.S. Patent-Term Extension

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval of our current product candidates or any future product candidate, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch Waxman Act. The Hatch Waxman Act permits extension of the patent term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during FDA regulatory review process. Patent term extension, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. The patent term extension period is generally one half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application, except that the review period is reduced by any time during which the applicant failed to exercise due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension (and only those patent claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended), and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. A patent that covers multiple products for which approval is sought can only be extended in connection with one of the approvals. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension. In the future, we may apply for extension of a patent term for our currently owned patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA. However, there can be no assurance that the USPTO will grant us any requested patent term extension, either for the length we request or at all.

Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation

We are subject to numerous federal, state and local environmental, health and safety (“EHS”), laws and regulations relating to, among other matters, safe working conditions, product stewardship, environmental protection, and handling or disposition of products, including those governing the generation, storage, handling, use, transportation, release, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous materials, medical waste, and infectious materials that may be handled by our research laboratories. Some of these laws and regulations also require us to obtain licenses or permits to conduct our operations. If we fail to comply with such laws or obtain and comply with the applicable permits, we could face substantial fines or possible revocation of our permits or limitations on our ability to conduct our operations. Certain of our development activities involve use of hazardous materials, and we believe we are in compliance with the applicable environmental laws, regulations, permits, and licenses.  However, we cannot ensure EHS liabilities will not develop in the future.  EHS laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time.  Although the costs to comply with applicable laws and regulations, have not been material, we cannot predict the impact on our business of new or amended laws or regulations or any changes in the way existing and future laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced, nor can we ensure we will be able to obtain or maintain any required licenses or permits.

Human Capital/Employees

As of June 30, 2024, we had 16 employees, all of which are full time employees, and three strategic consultants. Our employees are not represented by any union and are not the subject of a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

We believe that our success depends upon our ability to attract, develop, retain and motivate key personnel. Our management and scientific teams possess considerable experience in drug discovery, research and development, manufacturing, clinical and regulatory affairs, and iBio directly benefits from this experience and industry knowledge.

We anticipate that we will need to identify, attract, train and retain other highly skilled personnel to pursue our development program. Hiring for such personnel is competitive, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to retain our key employees or attract, assimilate or retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business.

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We have no collective bargaining agreements with our employees and have not experienced any work stoppages. We consider our relations with our employees to be good. Management believes that it has sufficient human capital to operate its business successfully currently and will need to attract new talent to the organization in order to achieve its plans for growth.

Competitive Pay and Benefits. Our compensation programs are designed to align the compensation of our employees with our performance and to provide the proper incentives to attract, retain and motivate employees to achieve superior results. The structure of our compensation programs balances incentive earnings for both short-term and long-term performance. Specifically:  

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on April 17, 2008, under the name iBioPharma, Inc. We engaged in a merger with InB:Biotechnologies, Inc., a New Jersey corporation on July 25, 2008, and changed our name to iBio, Inc. on August 10, 2009.

Our principal executive offices are located at 11750 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 and our telephone number is (979) 446-0027. Our website address is www.ibioinc.com. The information contained on, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely as an inactive textual reference.

Reverse Stock Split

On October 7, 2022, we effected a reverse stock split at a ratio of one-for-twenty five (1:25) shares of our common stock. As a result of the reverse stock split, every twenty five (25) shares of the Company's common stock either issued and outstanding or held by us in our treasury immediately prior to the effective time was, automatically and without any action on the part of the respective holders thereof, combined and converted into one (1) share of our common stock. The reverse split also applied to common stock issuable upon the exercise of our outstanding stock options. The reverse stock split did not affect the par value of our common stock or the shares of our common stock that we are authorized to issue under our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split. Stockholders who otherwise were entitled to receive a fractional share in connection with the reverse stock split instead were eligible to receive a cash payment, which was not material in the aggregate, instead of shares. All share and per share amounts of common stock presented in this Annual Report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the one-for-twenty five reverse stock split.

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On November 29, 2023, we effected a reverse stock split at a ratio of one-for-twenty (1:20) shares of our common stock. As a result of the reverse stock split, every twenty (20) shares of the Company's common stock either issued and outstanding or held by us in our treasury immediately prior to the effective time was, automatically and without any action on the part of the respective holders thereof, combined and converted into one (1) share of our common stock. The reverse split also applied to common stock issuable upon the exercise of our outstanding stock options. The reverse stock split did not affect the par value of our common stock or the shares of our common stock that we are authorized to issue under our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split. Stockholders who otherwise were entitled to receive a fractional share in connection with the reverse stock split instead were eligible to receive a cash payment, which was not material in the aggregate, instead of shares. All share and per share amounts of common stock presented in this Annual Report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the one-for-twenty  reverse stock split.

Available Information

Our website address is www.ibioinc.com. We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other materials with the SEC. We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and file or furnish reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports and other information filed by the Company with the SEC are available free of charge on our website at www.ibioinc.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this Annual Report.

The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Summary Risk Factors

Our business faces significant risks and uncertainties of which investors should be aware before making a decision to invest in our common stock. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The following is a summary of the more significant risks relating to the Company. A more detailed description of our risk factors is set forth below under the caption “Detailed Risk Factors.”

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

• We have a limited operating history developing vaccines and therapeutics.

• We are evaluating potential options to extend our cash runway that could impact our future operations and financial position.

• Substantial doubt exists related to our ability to operate as a going concern.

• We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant losses.

• We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future.

• We need additional funding to fully execute our business plan.

• The actual amount of funds we will need to operate is subject to many risks, some of which are beyond our control.

• Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders and/or restrict our operations or rights.

• Potential use of government funding for R&D programs may impose conditions limiting our ability to take certain actions.

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Risks Related to the Development and Commercialization of Our Technologies and Product Candidates

• We have a limited operating history developing precision antibodies and have no significant source of revenue.

• We are reliant on a limited number of product candidates that involve significant clinical testing before seeking regulatory approval. If our product candidates do not receive regulatory approval our business may be harmed.

• We may fail to capitalize on particular technology or product candidates that we expend our limited resources on.

• There can be no guarantee that we will be able to successfully develop and commercialize product candidates.

• We may not be successful in our efforts to use iBio technologies to build a pipeline of product candidates.

• Clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement.

• We, our clients, collaborators and potential licensees are dependent upon successful preclinical studies and demonstration of safety and efficacy in clinical trials to be able to commercialize product candidates.

• If we, or our clients and collaborators, are not able to obtain required regulatory approvals, we, or our clients and collaborators, will not be able to commercialize our, or third-party, product candidates.

• Alternative technologies may supersede our technologies or make them noncompetitive, which may harm our business.

• Our clinical product candidates may exhibit undesirable side effects.

• Product liability lawsuits could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit product commercialization.

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Risks Related to Dependence on Third Parties

• If we are unable to establish new collaborations and maintain both new and existing collaborations, or if these collaborations are not successful, our business could be adversely affected.

• If third parties on whom we or our licensees will rely for the conduct of preclinical and clinical studies do not perform as required, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates.

• Our inability to obtain raw materials or supplies may adversely impact our business and results of operations.

• Any claims beyond our insurance coverage limits may result in substantial costs.

• We may be subject to various litigation claims and legal proceedings.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property

• If we or our licensors are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient patent protection for our technology and products, our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be impaired.

• We may become involved in lawsuits related to our patents or other intellectual property, which could be costly.

• Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position for an adequate amount of time.

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• If we are unable to protect our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

• We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patent filings and other intellectual property.

• Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

• We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

• If we should fail to comply with various patents laws, our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated.

• Changes in patent law could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

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Risks Related to iBio’s Operations

• We recently identified and remediated material weaknesses in our internal controls, and we cannot provide assurances that these weaknesses will not occur in the future.

• The loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees could adversely affect our business.

• A failure to have an appropriately skilled and adequate workforce could adversely impact the ability of our R&D facility to operate efficiently.

• A natural disaster or other disruptions at our laboratory would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

• We may be unable to manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

• If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our customers’ proprietary information, we may be subject to claims.

• We may face integration risks and additional costs if we acquire companies, products or technologies.

• Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures.

• Any failure to maintain the security of information relating to our patients, customers, employees and suppliers, could expose us to litigation, government enforcement actions and costly response measures.

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock

• Our stockholders will experience dilution from the issuance of the development milestone payments if paid in equity.

• Our failure to continue to comply with the continued listing standards of NYSE American could result in our delisting from the NYSE American.

• Provisions in our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover.

• Our bylaws provide that the Delaware Court of Chancery is the exclusive forum for certain disputes.

• The issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the rights of the holders of shares of our common stock.

• We do not anticipate paying cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

• Changes in general economic conditions, geopolitical conditions, domestic and foreign trade policies, monetary policies and other factors beyond our control may adversely impact our business and operating results.

• Holders of our warrants have no rights as common stockholders until they exercise their warrants.

• The market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile.

• Reports published by securities or industry analysts could adversely affect our common stock price and trading volume.

• As a smaller reporting company, we are subject to reduced disclosure requirements, which may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

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Detailed Risk Factors

Our business faces many risks. Past experience may not be indicative of future performance, and as noted elsewhere in this Annual Report, we have included forward-looking statements about our business, plans and prospects that are subject to change. Forward-looking statements are particularly located in, but not limited to, the sections “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” In addition to the other risks or uncertainties contained in this Annual Report, the risks described below may affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flows. If any of these risks occur, either alone or in combination with other factors, our business, financial condition or operating results could be adversely affected, and the trading price of our common stock may decline. Moreover, readers should note this is not an exhaustive list of the risks we face; some risks are unknown or not quantifiable, and other risks that we currently perceive as immaterial may ultimately prove more significant than expected. Statements about plans, predictions or expectations should not be construed to be assurances of performance or promises to take a given course of action.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We have a limited operating history developing vaccines and therapeutics, which may limit the ability of investors to make an informed investment decision.

We commenced independent operations in 2008, and our operations to date have included organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, acquiring and developing our proprietary technologies, identifying potential product candidates and undertaking, in house and through third parties, preclinical trials and clinical trials of product candidates derived from our technologies. Prior to the end of calendar year 2022, we shifted our focus away from generating revenue as a CDMO service provider to the development of vaccines and therapeutics for commercialization. Our current focus is on immune-oncology therapeutics.  The current vaccines and therapeutics being developed are all in preclinical development and we have not completed any clinical trials for any vaccine or therapeutic protein product candidate produced using iBio technology and there is a risk that we will be unsuccessful in developing or commercializing any product candidates. Certain vaccine candidates using iBio’s technologies have previously been evaluated by other organizations in Phase 1 clinical trials; however, all of our vaccine and therapeutic protein product candidates are still in preclinical development. Neither we nor our collaborators have completed any other clinical trials for any vaccine or therapeutic protein product candidate produced using iBio technology. As a result, we have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete any Phase 2 or pivotal clinical trials, obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, any conclusion you reach about our future success or viability may not be as predictive as it might be if we had a longer operating history.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for the sale of any of our product candidates, we do not know when we will begin to generate significant revenue from such product candidates, if at all. Our ability to generate revenue depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:

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Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with development and manufacturing product candidates, we are unable to predict if we will generate significant revenue. If we cannot successfully execute on any of the factors listed above, our business may not succeed, and we may never generate significant revenue.

We are reviewing potential options to extend our cash runway. This review could impact our future operations and financial position.

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We are currently evaluating a number of potential options to expand our cash runway, the implementation of which will impact our liquidity.  In an effort to improve liquidity and our runway, we have consummated the sale of our Facility, reduced our work force, signed a collaboration with AstralBio with to discover and develop novel antibodies for obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases, entered into a securities purchase agreement for a PIPE financing resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $15.0 million.  Potential options being considered to further increase liquidity, focusing product development on a select number of product candidates, the sale or out-licensing of certain product candidates, raising money from the capital markets, grant revenue or collaborations, or a combination thereof. However, we anticipate that our expenses will increase as we continue our research and development activities and conduct clinical trials.

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Our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $14.4 million as of June 30, 2024, is not anticipated to be sufficient to support our operations for at least 12 months from the date of the filing of this Annual Report unless we reduce our burn rate further, or raise additional capital. Regardless of whether we are able to reduce our burn rate or sell or out-licensing certain assets or parts of the business, we will need to raise additional capital in order to fully execute our near and long-term business plans. Our current cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of June 30, 2024, is anticipated to be sufficient to support operations into the first quarter of fiscal year 2026.

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There can be no assurance that our collaboration with AstralBio will be successful or will entered into agreements for the sale or out-licensing of any of our product candidates on favorable terms or that the exploration of potential options will result in any agreements or transactions, or that, if completed, any agreements or transactions will be successful or on attractive terms.  If we determine to change our business strategy, our future business, prospects, financial position and operating results could be significantly different than those in historical periods or projected by our management. Because of the significant uncertainty regarding our future plans, we are not able to accurately predict the impact of a potential change in our business strategy and future funding requirements.

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Our historical operating results indicate substantial doubt exists related to our ability to operate as a going concern.

We have incurred net losses and used significant cash in operating activities since inception, and we expect to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. As of June 30, 2024, we have an accumulated deficit of $313.8 million.

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We held cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $14.4 million as of June 30, 2024. Based on current trends and activities, there is significant doubt that we can continue as a going concern beyond the first quarter of fiscal year 2026. We are currently evaluating a number of potential options to expand our cash runway, the implementation of which will impact our liquidity. Potential options being considered to increase liquidity include focusing product development on a select number of product candidates, the sale or out-licensing of certain product candidates or parts of the business, raising money from capital markets, grant revenue or collaborations, or a combination thereof. Regardless of whether we are able to reduce our burn rate or sell or out-licensing certain assets or parts of the business, we will need to raise additional capital in order to fully execute our longer-term business plan. We believe based on input from expert advisors, that it is likely we will be able to implement one or more options that will extend our cash runway for 12 months or more from the date of the filing of this Annual Report. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing any of the options that we are evaluating.

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Our consolidated audited financial statements as of and for the year ended June 30, 2024 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern for the next 12 months. Our management concluded that our recurring losses from operations and the fact that we have not generated significant revenue or positive cash flows from operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the next 12 months after issuance of our financial

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statements. Our auditors also included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of and for the year ended June 30, 2024 with respect to this uncertainty. If we continue to experience operating losses, and we are not able to generate additional liquidity through a capital raise or other cash infusion, we might need to secure additional sources of funds, which may or may not be available to us. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to further scale back or discontinue the development of our product candidates or other research and development initiatives or initiate steps to cease operations or liquidate our assets.

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We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We expect to incur losses during our next fiscal year, we do not anticipate generating significant revenue for several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Since our 2008 spinoff from Integrated BioPharma, we have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. Our comprehensive net loss was approximately ($24.9) million and ($64.8) million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately ($313.8) million.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of common stock, the Woodforest Credit Agreement, preferred stock and warrants. We devote substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including the development and validation of our technologies, and the development of a proprietary therapeutic products against oncology. We have not completed development of or commercialized any vaccine or therapeutic product candidates. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and may incur operating losses for at least the next year. We anticipate that our expenses and losses will increase substantially if we:

Our future profitability and cash flow in large part depends on the advancement of our research and development programs, including our AI platform, and our ability to successfully develop, partner or commercialize our product candidates and to a lesser extent, which is not anticipated for several years. Our cash position is expected to limit the number of product candidates that we seek to develop. This will require us, alone or with our licensees and collaborators, to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for these product candidates and manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which regulatory approval is obtained or establishing collaborations with parties willing and able to provide necessary capital or other value. We may never succeed in these activities. We may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough to achieve profitability.

All of our existing product candidates are in various stages of development and will require extensive additional clinical evaluation, regulatory review and approval, significant marketing efforts and substantial investment before they could provide us with any revenue. As a result, even if we successfully develop, achieve regulatory approval and commercialize our products, we may be unable to generate revenue for many years, if at all. We do not anticipate that we will generate revenue from product sales for at least several years, if at all. If we are unable to generate revenue from product sales, we will not become profitable, and we may be unable to continue our operations.

Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would diminish the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our product offerings or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future.

Although we have recently reduced expenses, we expect our research and development expenses to increase significantly as our product candidates advance in clinical development, and as we add more employees. As part of the regulatory

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process, we must conduct clinical trials for each product candidate to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA and other regulatory authorities. The number and design of the clinical trials that will be required varies depending upon product candidate, the condition being evaluated, and the trial results themselves. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately estimate the cost of the clinical trials. Clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The clinical trial process is also time consuming. We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete. Because of numerous risks and uncertainties involved in our business, the timing or amount of increased development expenses cannot be accurately predicted, and our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA, or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities, to perform studies or clinical trials in addition to those we currently anticipate. We anticipate that further product development is also expected to increase expenses, including but not limited to the expected continued IND-enabling studies IBIO-101, reviewing whether IBIO-101 can be utilized in certain orphan diseases, and the additional studies that will be required to support development of our immuno-oncology and cardiometabolic programs. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials.

In addition, as we expand our business, we will need to retain additional employees with the necessary skills including employees for our continued expansion of drug discovery capabilities in San Diego, California.  

Even if any of our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with the commercial launch of and the related commercial-scale manufacturing requirements for our product candidates. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development and commercialization, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of future expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. These losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our financial position and working capital.

We need additional funding to fully execute our business plan, which funding may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate the commercialization of our development and manufacturing services and efforts for our product development programs.

We need additional capital to fully implement our near term and long-term business, operating and development plans as we do not anticipate that any of our product candidates will generate revenue in the next few years, if at all. To the extent that we initiate or continue clinical development without securing collaborator or licensee funding, our research and development expenses could increase substantially.

When we elect to raise additional funds or additional funds are required, we may raise such funds from time to time through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements or other financing alternatives. Additional equity or debt financing or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. We currently have no committed sources of funding.  The At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with Chardan Capital Markets, LLC and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC that we entered into with Chardan Capital Markets, LLC and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC on July 3, 2024, also has certain requirements that we must meet in order to sell securities pursuant to the ATM Agreement. There can be no assurance that we will meet the requirements to be able to sell securities pursuant to the ATM Agreement, of if we meet the requirements that we will be able to raise sufficient funds on favorable terms. There can be no assurances that we will be able to raise the funds needed, especially in light of the fact that our ability to sell securities registered on our registration statement on Form S-3 will be limited until such time the market value of our voting securities held by non-affiliates is $75 million or more. If we are unable to raise capital in sufficient amounts when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or commercialization efforts and our ability to generate revenues and achieve or sustain profitability will be substantially harmed.

If we are unable to raise funds when required or on favorable terms, this assumption may no longer be operative, and we may have to: a) significantly delay, scale back, or discontinue the product application and/or commercialization of our proprietary technologies; b) seek collaborators for our technology and product candidates on terms that are less favorable

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than might otherwise be available; c) relinquish or otherwise dispose of rights to technologies, product candidates, or products that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize; or d) possibly liquidate assets or cease operations.

The actual amount of funds we will need to operate is subject to many risk factors, some of which are beyond our control.

The actual amount of funds we will need to operate is subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control therefore we are unable to determine this amount with certainty. These factors include the following:

We have based our estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong. We may need to obtain additional funds sooner or in greater amounts than we currently anticipate. Potential sources of financing include strategic relationships, public or private sales of our shares or debt and other sources. Additionally, we may seek to access the public or private equity markets when conditions are favorable due to our long-term capital requirements. We do not have any committed sources of financing at this time, and it is uncertain whether additional funding will be available when we need it on terms that will be acceptable to us, or at all.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

Until such time as we can generate substantial development, manufacturing, license or product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, collaborations, strategic alliances, service contracts, manufacturing contracts, facility build-out and technology transfer contracts, licensing and other arrangements. Sources of funds may not be available or, if available, may not be available on terms satisfactory to us.

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms, such as liquidation and other preferences, which are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, it may be necessary to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. Should the financing we require to sustain our working capital needs be unavailable or prohibitively expensive when we require it, our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected, and we may be unable to continue our operations.

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To the extent that we raise additional capital through a public or private offering and sale of equity securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Sales of our common stock offered through current or future equity offerings may result in substantial dilution to our stockholders. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock to investors, or anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.

In order to develop certain of our product candidates we will rely upon government funding. Any government funding for our R&D programs may impose requirements that limit our ability to take certain actions, and subject us to potential financial penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

​

We have applied for government grants to support some of our research and development activities for our product candidates.  If we do not obtain the grants we applied for or other grants, we currently do not anticipate developing certain of our product candidates.  Even if we obtain grant funding, the terms of the grant funding may be restrictive. Often government grants include provisions that reflect the government’s substantial rights and remedies, many of which are not typically found in commercial contracts, including powers of the government to potentially require repayment of all or a portion of the grant award proceeds, in certain cases with interest, in the event we violate certain covenants pertaining to various matters.

Risks Related to the Development and Commercialization of Our Technologies and Product Candidates

We currently have a limited operating history developing precision antibodies, no products approved for commercial sale, have no significant source of revenue and may never generate significant revenue.

We are a pre-clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company that recently began to focus on leveraging the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the development of precision antibodies. Prior to August 23, 2021, when we entered into a series of agreements with RubrYc, we were focused on our CDMO business. We have never generated any product revenue from the development of precision antibodies, do not expect to generate revenue in the near future and do not have any products approved for sale. Our operations to date have been primarily focused on developing our product candidates. We have not yet successfully conducted any clinical trials of any antibodies we have developed. Consequently, predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing product candidates.

All of our existing product candidates are in very early stages of development and will require extensive additional clinical evaluation, regulatory review and approval, significant marketing efforts and substantial investment before they could provide us with any revenue.

We currently have a limited number of product candidates in early stages of pre-clinical development and are dependent on the success of these product candidates, which requires significant clinical testing before seeking regulatory approval. If our product candidates do not receive regulatory approval or are not successfully commercialized, our business may be harmed.

We are currently in preclinical development of multiple product candidates as potential treatments across multiple therapeutic areas; however, we announced we are evaluating potential options to extend our cash runway and may change the focus of our resources. It is possible that we may never be able to develop a marketable product candidate.

We expect that a substantial portion of our efforts and expenditures over the next few years will be devoted to our product candidates in the immune-oncology field. Accordingly, our business currently depends heavily on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of these product candidates, which may not receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if regulatory approval is received. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of product candidates are and will remain subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries that each have differing

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regulations. We are not permitted to market any product in the United States unless and until we receive approval from the FDA, or in any foreign countries unless and until we receive the requisite approval from regulatory authorities in such countries. We have never submitted an NDA or BLA to the FDA or comparable applications to other regulatory authorities and do not expect to be in a position to do so for the foreseeable future. Obtaining approval of an NDA or BLA is an extensive, lengthy, expensive, and inherently uncertain process, and the FDA may delay, limit or deny approval of its product for many reasons.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, our focus is limited to the development of multiple product candidates. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other technologies or product candidates that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending and the spending of our clients and collaborators may not yield any commercially viable products.

We have based our research and development efforts largely on our technologies and product candidates derived from such technologies. Notwithstanding our large investment to date and anticipated future expenditures in these technologies, we have not yet developed, and may never successfully develop, any marketed products using these technologies. As a result, we may fail to address or develop product candidates based on other scientific approaches that may offer greater commercial potential or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

We also may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates using our technologies. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. These research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular technology or product candidate and fail to capitalize on technologies or product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on specific product candidates derived from or enhanced by our technologies or that have been identified and partially developed by our clients or collaborators. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other technologies or product candidates that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending and the spending of our clients and collaborators may not yield any commercially viable products.

We have based our research and development efforts largely on our technologies and product candidates derived from such technologies. Notwithstanding our large investment to date and anticipated future expenditures in these technologies, we have not yet developed, and may never successfully develop, any marketed products using these technologies. As a result, we may fail to address or develop product candidates based on other scientific approaches that may offer greater commercial potential or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

We also may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates using our technologies. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. These research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development.

If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements on terms less favorable to us than possible.

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We, our clients and collaborators, are very early in our development efforts. If we or our clients and collaborators are unable to successfully develop and commercialize product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

All of our therapeutic protein product candidates are still in preclinical development. Our ability to generate product sales revenues for our own products, which we do not expect will occur for many years, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates. The success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:

If we or our collaborators do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates, which would materially harm our business.

We may not be successful in our efforts to use iBio technologies to build a pipeline of product candidates and develop marketable products.

While we believe that data we and our collaborators have obtained from preclinical studies of iBio technology-derived and iBio technology-enhanced product candidates has validated these technologies, our technologies have not yet, and may never lead to, approvable or marketable products. Even if we are successful in further validating our technologies and continuing to build our pipeline, the potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development for many possible reasons, including harmful side effects, limited efficacy or other characteristics that indicate that such product candidates are unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance. If we and our collaborators do not successfully develop and commercialize product candidates based upon our technologies, we will not obtain product or collaboration revenues in future periods, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely affect our stock price.

Clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to design and implement.

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Human clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The clinical trial process is also time-consuming. We estimate that clinical trials for our product candidates would take at least several years to complete. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. Commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed by several factors, including:

In addition, we, IRBs/ECs or the FDA or foreign equivalent may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if IRBs/ECs or the FDA or foreign equivalent finds deficiencies in our submissions or conduct of our trials.

Neither we nor our clients, collaborators or potential licensees will be able to commercialize product candidates based on our technologies and services if preclinical studies do not produce successful results or clinical trials do not demonstrate safety and efficacy in humans.

Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and has an uncertain outcome. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. We and our licensees may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical testing and the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent the commercialization of product candidates based on our iBio technologies, including the following:

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Significant clinical trial delays could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we or our licensees do and impair our ability to commercialize our technologies and product candidates based on our technologies. Poor clinical trial results or delays may make it impossible to license a product candidate, or reduce its attractiveness to prospective licensees, so that we will be unable to successfully develop and commercialize such a product candidate.

Clinical trials are risky, lengthy, and expensive. We will incur substantial expense for, and devote significant time and resources to, preclinical testing and clinical trials, yet we cannot be certain that these tests and trials will demonstrate that a product candidate is effective and well-tolerated or will ever support its approval and commercial sale. For example, clinical trials require adequate supplies of clinical trial material and sufficient patient enrollment to power the trial. Delays in patient enrollment can result in increased costs and longer development times. Even if we, or a licensee or collaborator, if applicable, successfully complete clinical trials for our clinical product candidate, we or they might not file the required regulatory submissions in a timely manner and may not receive marketing approval for the clinical product candidate. We cannot assure you that our clinical product candidate will successfully progress further through the drug development process or will ultimately result in an approved and commercially viable product.

If we, or our clients and collaborators, are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we, or our clients and collaborators, will not be able to develop or commercialize our, or third-party, product candidates or will not be able to do so as soon as anticipated, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and by similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate. We have not received approval to engage in any clinical trials for any of our product candidates and there is no assurance that we will conduct successful clinical trials or obtain approval to market any of our product candidates from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. We have only limited experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing approvals and expect to rely on third parties to assist us in this process. Securing marketing

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approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. Our product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use. If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, the accompanying label may limit the approved use in such a restrictive manner that it is not possible to obtain commercial viability for such product.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive and may take many years. If additional clinical trials are required for certain jurisdictions, these trials can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved, and may ultimately be unsuccessful. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review process for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the review and approval of an application. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept a marketing application as deficient or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval of a product candidate. Any marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

Although the FDA and other regulatory authorities have approved plant-based therapeutics in the past, consistent with the oversight of all products, the FDA is monitoring whether these plant-based therapeutics pose any health and human safety risks. While they have not issued any regulation to date that is averse to plant-based vaccines or therapeutics, it is possible that the FDA and other regulatory authorities could issue regulations in the future that could adversely affect our product candidates.

If we experience delays in obtaining approval or if we fail to obtain approval of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for our product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate revenues will be materially impaired.  

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, recordkeeping, export, import, advertising and promotional activities for such product candidate, among other things, will be subject to extensive and ongoing requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety, efficacy and other post-marketing information and reports, establishment registration and drug listing requirements, continued compliance with cGMP, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping and current GCP requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product candidate may be marketed or to the conditions of approval. If our clinical product candidate receives marketing approval, the accompanying label may limit the approved use of our product, which could limit sales.

Alternative technologies may supersede our technologies or make them noncompetitive, which would harm our ability to generate future revenue.

The manufacture of precision antibodies and use of artificial intelligence to do so is intensely competitive. There are currently extensive research efforts in this field, which result in rapid technological progress that can render existing technologies obsolete or economically noncompetitive. If our competitors succeed in developing more effective technologies or render our technologies obsolete or noncompetitive, our business will suffer. Many universities, public agencies and established pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other life sciences companies with substantially greater resources than we have are developing and using technologies and are actively engaging in the development of products similar to or competitive with our technologies and products. To remain competitive, we must continue to invest in new technologies and improve existing technologies. To make such renewing investment we will need to obtain additional financing and/or collaborations. If we are unable to secure such financing, we will not have sufficient resources to continue

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such investment. In addition, they also have significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of products, as well as in obtaining regulatory approvals of those products in the United States and in foreign countries. Our current and potential future competitors also have significantly more experience commercializing drugs that have been approved for marketing. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries could result in even more resources being concentrated among a small number of our competitors.

Our competitors may devise methods and processes for protein expression that are faster, more efficient or less costly than that which can be achieved using iBio technologies. There has been and continues to be substantial academic and commercial research effort devoted to the development of such methods and processes. If successful competitive methods are developed, it may undermine the commercial basis for iBio products and our technologies and related services.

For our cancer product candidates, not only will we compete with companies engaged in various cancer treatments including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but we will also compete with various companies that have developed or are trying to develop immunology vaccines for the treatment of cancer. Certain of our competitors have substantially greater capital resources, large customer bases, broader product lines, sales forces, greater marketing and management resources, larger research and development staffs with extensive facilities and equipment than we do and have more established reputations as well as global distribution channels. Our most significant competitors, among others, are fully integrated pharmaceutical companies such as Eli Lilly and Company, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis AG, MedImmune, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca plc), Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Inc., MerckKGaA and Sanofi SA, and more established biotechnology companies such as Genentech, Inc. (a member of the Roche Group), Amgen Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc. and its subsidiary Kite Pharma, Inc., more advanced obesity and cardiometabolic companies such as Keros Therapeutics, Inc., Scholar Rock, Inc., and Biohaven, Ltd., and competing cancer immunotherapy companies such as, Bluebird Bio, Inc., Transgene SA, Bausch Health Companies, Lumos Pharma, Agenus Inc., Aduro Biotech, Inc., Advaxis, Inc., ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd., IMV Inc., Oxford BioMedica plc, Bavarian Nordic A/S, Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., as well as tech enabled drug discovery companies such as Recursion, Abcellera Biologics, Inc., Cellarity, and BenevolentAI.

Our product candidates may exhibit undesirable side effects when used alone or in combination with other approved pharmaceutical products, which may delay or preclude its development or regulatory approval or limit its use if ever approved.

Throughout the drug development process, we must continually demonstrate the activity, safety, and tolerability of our product candidates in order to obtain regulatory approval to further advance our clinical development, or to eventually market it. Even if any of our product candidates demonstrate adequate biologic activity and clear clinical benefit, any unacceptable side effects or adverse events, when administered alone or in the presence of other pharmaceutical products, may outweigh these potential benefits. We may observe adverse or serious adverse events or drug-drug interactions in preclinical studies or clinical trials of our clinical product candidate, which could result in the delay or termination of its development, prevent regulatory approval, or limit its market acceptance if it is ultimately approved.

Adverse events caused by any of our product candidates or generally by plant-based therapeutics could cause reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval. If an unacceptable frequency or severity of adverse events are reported in any clinical trials we may conduct for our product candidates, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for such clinical product candidate may be negatively impacted. In addition, adverse events caused by any product candidate administered in combination with our product candidates could cause similar interruptions and delays, even though not caused by our product candidates.

Furthermore, if any of our products are approved and then cause serious or unexpected side effects, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

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Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected clinical product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercialization.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face the risk of product liability exposure in connection with the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

Prior to commencing human clinical trials, we will seek to obtain product liability insurance coverage. Such insurance coverage is expensive and may not be available in coverage amounts we seek or at all. If we obtain such coverage, we may in the future be unable to maintain such coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

Risks Related to Dependence on Third Parties

For any clinical product candidates we may develop we will rely on third-party contract manufacturers. Any manufacturing problems experienced by us could result in a delay or interruption in the supply of our clinical product candidate until the problem is cured or until we locate and qualify an alternative source of manufacturing and supply.

We currently do not intend to manufacture any clinical product candidates we may develop and currently intend to rely upon a third-party manufacturer to manufacture such product candidates. If we were to experience any prolonged disruption for our manufacturing, we could be forced to seek additional third-party manufacturing contracts, thereby increasing our development costs and negatively impacting our timelines and any commercialization costs. Although we believe there are other manufacturers that could manufacture any of our product candidates we develop, they may not do so on favorable term. In addition, if we change manufacturers at any point once we commence clinical trials or after

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approval of a product candidate, we will be required to demonstrate comparability between the product manufactured by the old manufacturer and the product manufactured by the new manufacturer. If we are unable to do so we may need to conduct additional clinical trials with product manufactured by the new manufacturer.

If we or any outsourced manufacturer of our products are not able to manufacture sufficient quantities of our clinical product candidate, our development activities would be impaired. In addition, any manufacturing facility where any of our clinical product candidates are manufactured will be subject to ongoing, periodic inspection by the FDA or other comparable regulatory agencies to ensure compliance with cGMP. Any failure to follow and document the manufacturer’s adherence to such cGMP regulations or other regulatory requirements may lead to significant delays in the availability of clinical bulk drug substance and finished product for clinical trials, which may result in the termination of or a hold on a clinical trial, or may delay or prevent filing or approval of marketing applications for our clinical product candidate. We also may encounter problems with the following:

If we encounter any of these problems or are otherwise delayed, or if the cost of manufacturing is not economically feasible or we cannot find another third-party manufacturer, we may not be able to produce our clinical product candidate in a sufficient quantity to meet future demand.

These risks are likely to be exacerbated by our limited experience with our current products and manufacturing processes. If demand for our products materializes, we may have to invest additional resources to purchase materials, hire and train employees, and enhance our manufacturing processes or those of third-party manufacturers. It may not be possible for us to manufacture our clinical product candidate at a cost or in quantities sufficient to make its clinical product candidate commercially viable. Any of these factors may affect our ability to manufacture our products and could reduce gross margins and profitability.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers and suppliers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufacture our clinical product candidate ourselves, including:

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If we rely on a third-party contract manufacturer or its suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of our clinical product candidate required for our clinical trials and, if approved, for commercial sale, on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to find one or more replacement manufacturers or suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, in substantially equivalent volumes and quality, and on a timely basis, we would likely be unable to meet demand for our products and would have to delay or terminate our pre-clinical or clinical trials, and we would lose potential revenue. It may also take significant time to establish an alternative source of supply for our clinical product candidate and to have any such new source approved by the FDA or any applicable foreign regulatory authorities. Furthermore, any of the above factors could cause the delay or suspension of initiation or completion of clinical trials, regulatory submissions or required approvals of our clinical product candidate, cause it to incur higher costs and could prevent us from commercializing our clinical product candidate successfully.

If we are unable to establish new collaborations and maintain both new and existing collaborations, or if these collaborations are not successful, our business could be adversely affected.

Our current business plan contemplates that we will in the future derive revenues or payments from collaborators and licensees that successfully utilize iBio technologies in connection with the production, development and commercialization of vaccines and therapeutic protein product candidates. Our realization of these revenues and payments including dependence on existing collaborations, and any future collaborations we enter into, is subject to a number of risks, including the following:

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If our collaborations do not result in the successful development and commercialization of products or if one or more of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research and development funding or milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. If we do not receive the funding we expect under these agreements, our continued development of our product candidates could be delayed, and we may need additional resources to develop additional product candidates. There can be no assurance that our collaborations will produce positive results or successful products on a timely basis or at all.

We seek to establish and collaborate with additional pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for development and potential commercialization of iBio technology-produced and iBio technology-enhanced product candidates. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration depends, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of several factors. If we fail to reach agreements with suitable collaborators on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay its development or the development of one or more of our other product candidates, or increase our expenditures and undertake additional development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to fund and undertake development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

If we fail to enter into collaborations and do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market or continue to develop our product portfolio and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

If third parties on whom we or our licensees will rely for the conduct of preclinical studies and clinical trials do not perform as contractually required or as we expect, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business may suffer.

We have limited resources dedicated to designing, conducting, and managing our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We do not have the ability to independently conduct the preclinical studies and clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. We have not yet contracted with any third parties to conduct clinical trials of product candidates we develop independently of collaborators. We will depend on licensees or on independent clinical investigators, contract research organizations and other third-party service providers to conduct the clinical trials of our

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product candidates. We will rely on these vendors and individuals to perform many facets of the clinical development process on our behalf, including conducting preclinical studies and will rely on them for the recruitment of sites and subjects for participation in our clinical trials, maintenance of good relations with the clinical sites, and ensuring that these sites are conducting our trials in compliance with the trial protocol and applicable regulations.

We will rely heavily on these parties for successful execution of our clinical trials but will not control many aspects of their activities. For example, the investigators participating in our clinical trials will not be our employees. However, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Third parties may not complete activities on schedule or may not conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols. The failure of these third parties to carry out their obligations could delay or prevent the development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates. If these third parties fail to perform satisfactorily, or do not adequately fulfill their obligations under the terms of our agreements with them, we may not be able to enter into alternative arrangements without undue delay or additional expenditures, and therefore the preclinical studies and clinical trials of our clinical product candidate may be delayed or prove unsuccessful.

Further, the FDA, the EMA, or similar regulatory authorities in other countries, may inspect some of the clinical sites participating in our clinical trials or our third-party vendors’ sites to determine if our clinical trials are being conducted according to good clinical practices, or GCPs, or similar regulations. If we or a regulatory authority determine that our third-party vendors are not in compliance with or have not conducted our clinical trials according to applicable regulations, we may be forced to exclude certain data from the results of the trial, or delay, repeat or terminate such clinical trials.

We rely on third parties to supply the raw materials needed to operate our research and development activities and do not have any long-term commitments from such suppliers.

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We currently rely on third parties for the raw materials needed to operate our research and development activities. We do not have any long-term commitments from any raw material suppliers and therefore cannot guarantee that there will be adequate supply of our raw materials. Natural disasters or other disruptions at any of our suppliers’ facilities may impair or delay the delivery of our products. Influenza or other pandemics, such as the coronavirus, could disrupt production of our products, reduce demand for certain of our products, or disrupt the marketplace in the food service or retail environment with consequent material adverse effects on our results of operations. To the extent we are unable to, or cannot, financially mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events, or effectively manage such events if they occur, particularly when a product is sourced from a single location, there could be a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and additional resources could be required to restore our supply chain. Although we believe we have sufficient supply of our other raw materials at this time, due to supply chain shortages, we may not be able to obtain such materials in the future is our current suppliers should be unable to satisfy our needs. Such suppliers may not be able to provide us with engines in a timely manner due to supply chain shortages and even if other suppliers are able to fulfill our needs they may not be able to do so at the same price as we currently pay for such materials, which could result in lower profit margins or us increasing the price of our services in order to maintain profit margins which could adversely impact demand for our services.

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Any claims beyond our insurance coverage limits, or that are otherwise not covered by our insurance, may result in substantial costs and a reduction in our available capital resources.

We maintain property insurance, employer’s liability insurance, product liability insurance, general liability insurance, business interruption insurance, and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, among others. Although we maintain what we believe to be adequate insurance coverage, potential claims may exceed the amount of insurance coverage or may be excluded under the terms of the policy, which could cause an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results from operations. Generally, we would be at risk for the loss of inventory that is not within customer specifications. These amounts could be significant. In addition, in the future we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage, or we may be required to pay higher premiums and accept higher deductibles in order to secure adequate insurance coverage.

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We may be subject to various litigation claims and legal proceedings.

We, as well as certain of our directors and officers, may be subject to claims or lawsuits during the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, these lawsuits may result in significant legal fees and expenses and could divert management’s time and other resources. If the claims contained in these lawsuits are successfully asserted against us, we could be liable for damages and be required to alter or cease certain of our business practices. Any of these outcomes could cause our business, financial performance and cash position to be negatively impacted.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we or our licensors are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be impaired.

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies and product candidates, and by maintenance of our trade secrets through proper procedures.

The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost, in a timely manner, or in all jurisdictions. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States and we may fail to seek or obtain patent protection in all major markets. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States law does. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions, nor can we know whether those from whom we license patents were the first to make the inventions claimed or were the first to file. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the U.S. PTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Even if our pending or future patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.

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The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately unsuccessful.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Competitors may infringe our issued patents or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their intellectual property. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims narrowly or refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, which could adversely affect us and our collaborators.

While no such litigation has been brought against us and we have not been held by any court to have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights, we cannot guarantee that our technology, products or use of our products do not infringe third-party patents. It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000, and certain applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing date, which is referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our products or technology could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our technologies, our products or the use of our products.

We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, including interference or derivation proceedings before the U.S. PTO and similar bodies in other countries. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing intellectual property rights and intellectual property rights that may be granted in the future.

If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing and marketing our products and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.

In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

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In spite of our efforts, our licensors might allege that we have materially breached our obligations under such license agreements and might therefore attempt to terminate the license agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these license agreements. If these in-licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties might have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization of our lead products or other product candidates that we may identify. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Moreover, disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including:

In addition, the agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products, including generics or biosimilars. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we are unable to protect our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers,

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consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also seek to enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Our trade secrets may also be obtained by third parties by other means, such as breaches of our physical or computer security systems. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patent filings and other intellectual property.

Many of our employees, including our senior management, were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. These employees typically executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements in connection with their previous employers. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. We or our licensors may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets, or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we or our licensors may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or our or our licensors’ ownership of our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, intellectual property that is important to our product candidates. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, while we require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

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Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

If we should fail to comply with various patent laws our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated.

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Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we employ an outside firm and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market and this circumstance would have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Changes in patent law, including recent patent reform legislation, could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. After March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, enacted in September 2011, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after March 2013, but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either (i) file any patent application related to our product candidates or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our or our licensor’s patents or patent applications. In addition, the patent positions of companies in the development and commercialization of pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a material adverse effect on our existing patent portfolio and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property in the future.

Risks Related to iBio’s Operations

In the past we have identified and remediated material weaknesses in our internal controls, and we cannot provide assurances additional material weaknesses will not occur in the future.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, is designed to prevent fraud. During the preparation of the Quarterly Report for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, we identified a material weakness in our controls relating to accounting for stock-based compensation expense relating to the vesting of severed employees’ awards.  If our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud, or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price. In addition, a material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are designed and operating effectively. As of June 30, 2023, management believes that significant progress has been made in enhancing internal controls and has concluded that the enhanced controls are operating effectively.  Therefore, as of June 30, 2023, the material weakness described in Item 4 Controls and Procedures in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for quarter ended March 31, 2023 has been fully remediated and management believes it does not have any weaknesses in internal controls.  Although the material weakness has been remediated, there can be no assurance that the internal control over financial reporting, as modified, will enable us to identify or avoid material weaknesses in the future.

Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us, as and when required, conducted in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, or any subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, as and when required, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. As a growing company, implementing and maintaining effective controls may require more resources, and we may encounter internal control integration difficulties. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

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The loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our key executive officers. To continue to develop our pipeline and execute our strategy, we also must attract and retain highly skilled personnel in our industry.

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A failure by iBio to hire and retain an appropriately skilled and adequate workforce could adversely impact the ability to operate our R&D facility efficiently.

iBio’s operations will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain an appropriately skilled and sufficient workforce to operate our R&D facility. These employees may voluntarily terminate their employment with us at any time. The R&D facility is located in San Diego, California, a growing biotechnology hub and competition for skilled workers will continue to increase as the industry undergoes further growth in the area. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain key personnel, or to attract and retain additional qualified employees especially in light of our cash position. Our inability to attract and retain key personnel as we grow in two locations may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Use of our laboratory space in San Diego is critical to our success. A natural disaster or other disruptions at our laboratory would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We currently conduct all of our pre-clinical research at our laboratory in San Diego using specialized equipment that we have purchased.  Any natural disaster or other serious disruption to our facility due to fire, flood, earthquake, or any other unforeseen circumstance would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Although we do believe that we could find alternative space in the case of a natural disaster, there can be no assurance that we will find suitable space near the location of our employees or that our equipment will survive a natural disaster. The occurrence of any disruption at our laboratory, even for a short period of time, may have an adverse effect on our research and development operations, during and after the period of the disruption. Although we maintain property, casualty, and business interruption insurance of the types and in the amounts that we believe are customary for the industry, we are not fully insured against all potential natural disasters or other disruptions to our laboratory.

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We may be unable to manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

We intend to grow our business operations as demand increases and increase the number of our employees to accommodate such potential growth, which may cause us to experience periods of rapid growth and expansion. This potential future growth could create a strain on our organizational, administrative and operational infrastructure, including manufacturing operations, quality control, technical support and other administrative functions. Our ability to manage our growth properly will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls.

As our commercial operations and sales volume grow, we will need to continue to increase our capacity for manufacturing, customer service, billing and general process improvements and expand our internal quality assurance program, among other things. We may also need to purchase additional equipment, some of which can take several months or more to procure, set up and validate, and increase our manufacturing, maintenance, software and computing capacity to meet increased demand. These increases in scale, expansion of personnel, purchase of equipment or process enhancements may not be successfully implemented.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our partners’ or collaborators’ proprietary information, we may be subject to claims.

The research and development processes developed by us or our partners’ or collaborators’ products are subject to trade secret protection, patents or other intellectual property protections owned or licensed by such partners. While we make significant efforts to protect our partners’ proprietary and confidential information, including requiring our employees to enter into agreements protecting such information, if any of our employees breaches the non-disclosure provisions in such agreements, or if our partners make claims that their proprietary information has been disclosed, our reputation may suffer

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damage and we may become subject to legal proceedings that could require us to incur significant expenses and divert our management’s time, attention and resources.

If we acquire companies, products or technologies, we may face integration risks and costs associated with those acquisitions that could negatively impact our business, results from operations and financial condition.

If we are presented with appropriate opportunities, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products or technologies. We may not realize the anticipated benefit of any acquisition or investment. If we acquire companies or technologies, we will face risks, uncertainties and disruptions associated with the integration process, including difficulties in the integration of the operations of an acquired company, integration of acquired technology with our products, diversion of our management’s attention from other business concerns, the potential loss of key employees or customers of the acquired business, and impairment charges if future acquisitions are not as successful as we originally anticipate. In addition, our operating results may suffer because of acquisition-related costs or amortization expenses or charges relating to acquired intangible assets. Any failure to successfully integrate other companies, products, or technologies that we may acquire may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Furthermore, we may have to incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any additional future acquisitions or investments, the issuance of which could be dilutive to our existing stockholders.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, malware, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber-terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our current or future product development programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or any future ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur material legal claims and liability, damage to our reputation, and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.

We rely extensively on our information technology systems and are vulnerable to damage and interruption, including cybersecurity and data leakage risks.

We rely on our information technology systems and infrastructure to process transactions, summarize results and manage our business, including maintaining client and supplier information. Additionally, we utilize third parties, including cloud providers, to store, transfer and process data. Our information technology systems, as well as the systems of our suppliers and other partners, whose systems we do not control, are vulnerable to outages and an increasing risk of continually evolving deliberate intrusions to gain access to company sensitive information. Likewise, data security incidents and breaches by employees and others with or without permitted access to our systems pose a risk that sensitive data may be exposed to unauthorized persons or to the public. A cyber-attack or other significant disruption involving our information technology systems, or those of our vendors, suppliers and other partners, could also result in disruptions in critical systems, corruption or loss of data and theft of data, funds or intellectual property.  A security breach of any kind, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and attacks by hackers, employees or others, could expose us to risks of data loss, litigation, government enforcement actions, regulatory penalties and costly response measures, and could seriously disrupt our operations. We may be unable to prevent outages or security breaches in our systems.  We remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or yet unknown threats as, in some instances, we, our suppliers and our other partners may be unaware of an incident or its magnitude and effects.  We also face the risk that we expose our vendors or partners to cybersecurity attacks.  Any or all of the foregoing could harm our reputation and adversely affect our results of operations and our business reputation.

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Any failure to maintain the security of information relating to our patients, customers, employees and suppliers, whether as a result of cybersecurity attacks or otherwise, could expose us to litigation, government enforcement actions and costly response measures, and could disrupt our operations and harm our reputation.

In connection with the pre-clinical and clinical development, sales and marketing of our products and services, we may from time to time transmit confidential information. We also have access to, collect or maintain private or confidential information regarding our clinical trials and the patients enrolled therein, employees, and suppliers, as well as our business. Cyberattacks are rapidly evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated. It is possible that computer hackers and others might compromise our security measures, or security measures of those parties that we do business with now or in the future, and obtain the personal information of patients in our clinical trials, vendors, employees and suppliers or our business information. A security breach of any kind, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and attacks by hackers, employees or others, could expose us to risks of data loss, litigation, government enforcement actions, regulatory penalties and costly response measures, and could seriously disrupt our operations. Any resulting negative publicity could significantly harm our reputation, which could cause us to lose market share and have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

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Our stockholders will experience substantial dilution from the issuance of the development milestone payments if paid in equity and may not realize a benefit from the acquisition of substantially all of the assets RubrYc commensurate with the ownership dilution they will experience in connection therewith.

We have the option to pay the contingent development milestone consideration owed to the RubrYc shareholders in shares of our common stock. Our stockholders will experience substantial dilution from the issuance of shares of common stock to pay the contingent development milestone consideration, should we elect to pay such development milestones in shares of common stock in lieu of cash.

Our failure to continue to comply with the continued listing standards of the NYSE American could result in delisting from the NYSE American.

In order to maintain our listing with NYSE American, we must remain in compliance with the continued listing standards as set forth in the NYSE American Company Guide (the “Company Guide”), including the listing standard set forth in Section 1003 of the Guide, which applies if a listed company has stockholders’ equity below certain threshold amounts and has sustained losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in its five most recent fiscal years. In the past, we have received notification of noncompliance with the continued listing requirements, which to date have been remediated. There can be no assurance that we will continue to meet all of the continued listing standards of NYSE American, or exemptions therefrom, in the future. A failure to comply with such listing standards could result in delisting from NYSE American.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and provisions of applicable Delaware law may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or other change in control that a stockholder may consider favorable. Pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, our Board of Directors may issue additional shares of common stock or preferred stock. Any additional issuance of common stock could have the effect of impeding or discouraging the acquisition of control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, including a transaction in which our stockholders would receive a premium over the market price for their shares, and thereby protect the continuity of our management. Specifically, if in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, the Board of Directors were to determine that a takeover proposal was not in our best interest, shares could be issued by our Board of Directors without stockholder approval in one or more transactions that might prevent or render more difficult or costly the completion of the takeover by:

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Our certificate of incorporation also allows our Board of Directors to fix the number of directors in the by-laws. Our certificate of incorporation does not contemplate cumulative voting in the election of directors and thus, under Delaware law, cumulative voting in the election of directors is not permitted. Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes, each of which serves for a staggered term of three years. This division of our Board of Directors could have the effect of impeding an attempt to take over our company or change or remove management, since only one class will be elected annually. Thus, only approximately one-third of the existing Board of Directors could be replaced at any election of directors.

The effect of these provisions may be to delay or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that a stockholder may determine to be in his, her or its best interest, including attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by the stockholders.

Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

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Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and the forum selection provision does not apply to claims arising exclusively under the Exchange Act or the Investment Company Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

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This forum selection provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring certain claims in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. If a court were to find this forum selection provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

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The issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the rights of the holders of shares of our common stock.

Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock without any further action on the part of our stockholders. Our Board of Directors has the authority to fix and determine the voting rights, rights of redemption and other rights and preferences of preferred stock. Our Board of Directors may, at any time, designate a new series of preferred stock that would grant to holders the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, the right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to the holders of common stock, and the right to the redemption of the shares, together with a premium, before the redemption of our common stock and authorize the issuance of such series of preferred stock, which may have a material adverse effect on the rights of the holders of our common stock. In addition, our Board of Directors, without further stockholder approval, may, at any time, issue large blocks of preferred stock. In addition, the ability of our Board of Directors to designate and issue shares of preferred stock without any further action on the part of our stockholders may impede a takeover of our company and may prevent a transaction that is favorable to our stockholders.

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We do not anticipate paying cash dividends for the foreseeable future, and therefore investors should not buy our stock if they wish to receive cash dividends.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends or distributions on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain our future earnings to support operations and to finance expansion and therefore we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Changes in general economic conditions, geopolitical conditions, domestic and foreign trade policies, monetary policies and other factors beyond our control may adversely impact our business and operating results.

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The uncertain financial markets, disruptions in supply chains, mobility restraints, and changing priorities as well as volatile asset values could impact our business in the future. We and our third-party contract manufacturers, contract research organizations, and any clinical sites that may conduct our clinical trials in the future may also face disruptions in procuring items that are essential to our research and development activities, including, for example, medical and laboratory supplies used in our clinical trials or preclinical studies, in each case, that are sourced from abroad or for which there are shortages because of ongoing efforts to address the outbreak. These minor disruptions have had an immaterial effect on business, which we have been able to address with minimal impact to our business operations to date. Further, although we have not experienced any material adverse effects on our business due to increasing inflation, it has raised operating costs for many businesses and, in the future, could impact demand or pricing manufacturing of our drug candidates or services providers, foreign exchange rates or employee wages. We are actively monitoring the effects these disruptions and increasing inflation could have on our operations.

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Our operations and performance depend on global, regional and U.S. economic and geopolitical conditions.  Russia’s invasion and military attacks on Ukraine have triggered significant sanctions from U.S. and European leaders.  Resulting changes in U.S. trade policy could trigger retaliatory actions by Russia, its allies and other affected countries, including China, resulting in a “trade war.”

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The above factors, including a number of other economic and geopolitical factors both in the U.S. and abroad, could ultimately have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, including the following:

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Holders of our warrants issued in our offerings have no rights as common stockholders until they exercise their warrants and acquire our common stock.

Until the holders of the warrants we issued in our offerings acquire shares of our common stock by exercising their warrants, the holders of the warrants have no rights as a stockholder with respect to the shares of common stock underlying their securities. Upon exercise of the warrants they will be entitled to the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

Whether the outstanding warrants will have any value will depend on the market conditions for, and the price of, our common stock, which conditions will depend on factors related and unrelated to the success of our clinical development program, and cannot be predicted at this time. If our common stock price does not increase to an amount sufficiently above the exercise price of the warrants during the periods the warrants are exercisable, holders of warrants will be unable to recover any of their investment in the warrants.

Because there is no established public trading market for any of our warrants we issued, the liquidity of each such security is limited. We do not expect a market to develop, nor do we intend to apply to list the warrants on any securities exchange. Upon exercise of the warrants, our stockholders will experience dilution.

The market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile and adversely affected by various factors.

Our stock price has fluctuated in the past, has recently been volatile and may be volatile in the future. By way of example, on January 19, 2024, the price of our common stock closed at $1.06 per share while on March 28, 2024, our stock price closed at $4.06 per share. We may incur rapid and substantial decreases in our stock price in the foreseeable future that are unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our common stock. The market price of our common stock could fluctuate significantly in response to various factors and events, including:

●investor reaction to our business strategy;

●the success of competitive products or technologies;

●our continued compliance with the listing standards of the NYSE American;

●results of our preclinical and clinical trials;

●variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

●our ability or inability to raise additional capital and the terms on which we raise it;

●declines in the market prices of stocks generally;

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●trading volume of our common stock;

●sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

●announcements of licensing or other business development initiatives;

●general economic, industry and market conditions; and

These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. Since the stock price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past, has been recently volatile and may be volatile in the future, investors in our common stock could incur substantial losses. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. There can be no guarantee that our stock price will remain at current prices or that future sales of our common stock will not be at prices lower than those sold to investors.

Reports published by securities or industry analysts, including projections in those reports that exceed our actual results, could adversely affect our common stock price and trading volume.

Securities research analysts, including those affiliated with our underwriters from prior offerings, establish and publish their own periodic projections for our business. These projections may vary widely from one another and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our stock price may decline if our actual results do not match securities research analysts’ projections. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who writes reports on us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or if one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, our stock price or trading volume could decline. While we expect securities research analyst coverage to continue going forward, if no securities or industry analysts begin to cover us, the trading price for our stock and the trading volume could be adversely affected.

We are a “smaller reporting company”, and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Exchange Act. We may remain a smaller reporting company until we have a non-affiliate public float in excess of $250 million or annual revenues in excess of $100 million and a non-affiliate public float in excess of $700 million, each as determined on an annual basis. For so long as we remain smaller reporting company, we are permitted and may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on such exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the market price of our common stock may be more volatile.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

We maintain a cyber risk management protocol designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate, and respond to cybersecurity threats.

The underlying processes and controls of our cyber risk management protocol incorporate recognized best practices and standards for cybersecurity and information technology, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework (“CSF”).

In addition, we maintain policies over areas such as information security, access on/offboarding, and access and account management, to help govern the processes put in place by management designed to protect our IT assets, data, and services from threats and vulnerabilities. We consult with a third-party specialist with regard to our cyber risk management processes and controls. 

Our management team is responsible for oversight and administration of our cyber risk management protocol, and for informing senior management and other relevant stakeholders regarding the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. iBio’s management team has prior experience selecting, deploying, and overseeing cybersecurity technologies, initiatives, and processes and relies on threat intelligence as well as other information obtained from governmental, public, or private sources. Our Audit Committee also provides oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats.

As part of its review of the adequacy of our system of internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, the Audit Committee is specifically responsible for reviewing the adequacy of our computerized information system controls and security related thereof. The cybersecurity stakeholders, including member(s) of management assigned with cybersecurity oversight responsibility and/or third-party consultants providing cyber risk services, brief the Audit Committee on cyber vulnerabilities identified through the risk management process, the effectiveness of our cyber risk management program, and the emerging threat landscape and new cyber risks on at least an annual basis. This includes updates on iBio’s processes to prevent, detect, and mitigate cybersecurity incidents. In addition, cybersecurity risks are reviewed by our Board of Directors at least annually, as part of the Company’s corporate risk oversight processes.

We face risks from cybersecurity threats that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or reputation. iBio acknowledges that the risk of cyber incidents is prevalent in the current threat landscape and that a future cyber incident may occur in the normal course of its business. To date, we have not had a cybersecurity incident. We proactively seek to detect and investigate unauthorized attempts and attacks against our IT assets, data, and services, and to prevent their occurrence and recurrence where practicable through changes or updates to internal processes and tools and changes or updates to service delivery; however, potential vulnerabilities to known or unknown threats will remain. Further, there is increasing regulation regarding responses to cybersecurity incidents, including reporting to regulators, investors, and additional stakeholders, which could subject us to additional liability and reputational harm. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for more information on cybersecurity risks.

Item 2. Properties.

Facility

On November 1, 2021, the Company and its subsidiary, iBio CDMO LLC (“iBio CDMO”, and collectively with the Company, the “Purchaser”) entered into a series of agreements (the “Transaction”) with College Station Investors LLC (“College Station”), and Bryan Capital Investors LLC (“Bryan Capital” and, collectively with College Station, “Seller”), each affiliates of Eastern Capital Limited (“Eastern,” a former significant stockholder of the Company) described in more detail below whereby in exchange for a certain cash payment and a warrant the Company:

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On May 17, 2024, iBio CDMO entered into the 2024 Purchase and Sale Agreement with The Board of Regents pursuant to which iBio CDMO agreed to terminate the Ground Lease Agreement, related to the Land and to sell to The Board of Regents the Property.  The 2024 Purchase and Sale Agreement provided that the Property will be sold to The Board of Regents for the Purchase Price. The closing of the sale of the Property occurred on May 31, 2024.  

Biopharmaceutical R&D Facility

On September 11, 2021, iBio entered into a lease with SAN DIEGO INSPIRE 4, LLC for approximately 11,383 square feet of lab and office space at 11750 Sorrento Valley Road in San Diego, CA. The lease commenced in September 2022. The lease is for seven years and four months. The lease is triple net with Base Rent starting at $4.50 per month per square foot escalating approximately 3.0 percent per year during the lease term. iBio will use the facility primarily for R&D associated with its AI Drug Discovery Platform and our biologic product portfolio.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Lawsuits

We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. Litigation, regardless of the outcome, could have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE American under the trading symbol “IBIO.”

Holders

On September 6, 2024, there were 14 stockholders of record of our common stock, one of which was Cede & Co., a nominee for Depository Trust Company, or DTC. All of the shares of our common stock held by brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions as nominees for beneficial owners are deposited into participant accounts at DTC and are therefore considered to be held of record by Cede & Co. as one stock.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. Dividends on our common stock cannot be declared or paid or set aside for payment or other distribution unless all accrued dividends on all outstanding shares of Preferred Tracking Stock are paid in full.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There were no sales of unregistered securities other than as set forth in documents previously filed by the Company with the SEC.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not purchase any of our equity securities during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.

Reverse Stock Split

As discussed above, the Company effected a reverse stock split at a ratio of one-for-twenty five (1:25) shares of the Company's common stock on October 7, 2022. All share and per share amounts of common stock presented have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the one-for-twenty-five reverse stock split.

Further, as discussed above, the Company effected a reverse stock split at a ratio of one-for-twenty (1:20) shares of the Company's common stock on November 29, 2023. All share and per share amounts of common stock presented have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the one-for-twenty-five reverse stock split.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and the notes thereto and other information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Report to “iBio,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” and similar terms mean iBio, Inc.

Overview

We are a pioneering biotechnology company at the intersection of AI and biologics, committed to reshaping the landscape of discovery. Our core mission is to harness the potential of AI and machine learning to unveil elusive biologics that stand out and have evaded other scientists. Through our innovative platform, we champion a culture of innovation by swiftly identifying novel targets, forging strategic collaborations with the goal of to enhancing efficiency, diversifying pipelines, and accelerating preclinical processes.

Additionally, our groundbreaking EngageTx technology enables us to target bi-specific molecules, while ShieldTx is designed to reduce or eliminate adverse effects stemming from off-target tissue effects. With the ability to navigate sequence diversity and promote Human-Cyno cross reactivity while mitigating cytokine release, our goal is to enhance agility and bolster preclinical safety assessments.

Our strategic approach to fulfilling our mission is outlined as follows:

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In essence, we are sculpting a future where cutting-edge AI-driven biotechnology propels the discovery of intricate biologics, fostering partnerships, accelerating innovation, and propelling the advancement of science.

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AI-Technology Platform

Overview

Our platform comprises five key components, each playing a crucial role in the discovery and optimization of precision antibodies.

The first layer, epitope engineering, leverages the patented AI-engine to target specific regions of proteins, allowing us to engineer antibodies with high specificity and efficacy. The second layer involves the proprietary antibody library, which is built on clinically validated frameworks and offers a rich diversity of human antibodies. The third layer of the technology stack is the antibody optimizing StableHu AI technology, coupled with mammalian display technology. Next, our EngageTx platform forms the fourth layer. Lastly, our ShieldTx antibody masking technology enables the creation of conditionally activated antibodies. Each layer of the tech stack is designed to work synergistically, enabling us to rapidly advance antibodies from concept to in vivo proof-of-concept (POC).

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AI Epitope Steering Technology

Our epitope steering technology is designed to address these issues by guiding antibodies exclusively against the desired regions of the target protein. By focusing on these specific regions, we can overcome the limitations of traditional methods and significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of our antibody discovery process.  Our AI engine creates engineered epitopes, which are small embodiments of epitopes on the target protein. The engine is trained to match the epitope structure as closely as possible and refine the designs for greater stability and water solubility, which are critically important factors. The optimized engineered epitope is then used to identify antibodies from naïve or immunized libraries.

Naïve Human Antibody Library

The fully human antibody library is built upon clinically validated, entirely human antibody frameworks. By leveraging public databases, we have extracted a diverse array of Complementarity-Determining Region (CDR) sequences. Subsequently, we have meticulously eliminated a range of sequence liabilities. Such careful curation process could potentially significantly reduce the development risk for antibodies identified from our library.

StableHu^TM AI Antibody-Optimizing Technology

Our proprietary StableHu technology is instrumental in the optimization process. StableHu is an AI-powered tool designed to predict a library of antibodies with fully human CDR variants based on an input antibody. This input can range from an early, unoptimized molecule to an approved drug. The model has been trained utilizing a set of over 1 billion human antibodies, progressively masking known amino acids within CDRs until the algorithm could predict the correct human sequence.

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While phage display libraries are often used in antibody optimization due to their vast diversity, they can increase developability risks such as low expression, instability, or aggregation of antibodies. Mammalian display libraries, on the other hand, offer significantly improved developability but reduced diversity due to the smaller library size they can handle. StableHu overcomes this limitation by utilizing a machine learning algorithm generating focused library diversity within the capacity of mammalian display.

Mammalian display is a technology that presents antibodies on the surface of mammalian cells, allowing for the direct screening and selection of antibodies in a mammalian cell environment. This approach is advantageous as antibodies that express well on the mammalian cells used in the display are more likely to express well in the production cell line. Moreover, single-cell sorting of antibody-displaying cells allows rapid selection of desired antibodies based on multiple dimensions, such as potency, selectivity, and cross-species selectivity.

When paired with mammalian display technology, StableHu enables antibody optimization with fewer iterative optimization steps, lower immunogenicity risk, and improved developability.

EngageTx CD3-Based T-Cell Engager Panel

We have used antibodies from an epitope steering campaign as well as a first-generation T-cell engager as input and utilized our StableHu technology to identify a next-generation CD3 antibody panel. The sequence diversity generated by StableHu led to an antibody panel with a wide range of potencies, which allows us to pair the panel with a wide variety of tumor-targeting antibodies.  Importantly, we were able to retain T-cell activation and tumor cell killing capacity with significantly reduced cytokine release. This reduction is believed to lower the risk of cytokine release syndrome. Additionally, the increased humanness of the predicted antibodies, thanks to our StableHu technology, reduces the risk of immunogenicity.

Furthermore, our StableHu technology enabled us to engineer NHP cross-reactivity into EngageTx. This allows for advanced safety assessment in NHP ahead of clinical trials, providing another layer of safety assurance.

ShieldTx Antibody Masking Technology

Our ShieldTx technology enables the creation of conditionally activated antibodies and stands out because it is deeply integrated into our technology stack, providing multiple advantages. Identifying a fitting mask is challenging, however, ShieldTx is designed to increase the probability of success. This increased success rate is due to our epitope engineering engine, which creates small embodiments of the drug target epitope to raise antibodies. These engineered epitopes, by definition, bind to the raised antibody and can be deployed as masks. Thus, the mask design process is inherently built into the antibody discovery process.

Additionally, multi-dimensional optimization with our StableHu antibody optimization technology allows for the simultaneous optimization of the three components of conditionally activated antibodies: the antibody, mask, and linker. This approach, we believe, will significantly reduce development time compared to the typically sequential optimization of the individual components.

Pre-Clinical Pipeline

We are currently in the process of building and advancing our preclinical pipeline by leveraging our technology stack focused on hard-to-drug targets and molecules offering differentiation in both in obesity and cardiometabolic disease space, as well as immune-oncology.  As we continue to leverage our technology stack and develop our existing immune-oncology pre-clinical pipeline, we are also seeking strategic partners with the capabilities to more rapidly advance these programs towards the clinic.  Finally, we continue to assess the the optional time whether to trigger our options rights to license three of the four assets under the AstralBio collaboration to add obesity and cardiometabolic programs into our

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pre-clinical pipeline.  Under this strategic collaboration with AstraBio, it affords us the opportunity to expand our pipeline and build a presence in the cardiometabolic disease space.

Recent Developments

On May 31, 2024, pursuant to that certain Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of May 17, 2024 (the “Purchase and Sale Agreement”), by and between iBio CDMO and The Board of Regents of the Texas A&M University System (“The Board of Regents”), we terminated the Ground Lease Agreement with The Board of Regents, dated March 8, 2010, as amended by an Estoppel Certificate and Amendment to Ground Lease Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2015 (collectively, the “Ground Lease”), related to 21.401 acres in Brazos County, Texas (the “Land”) and completed the sale to The Board of Regents of: (i) the buildings, parking areas, improvements, and fixtures situated on the Land (the “Improvements”); (iii) all of our right, title, and interest in and to furniture, personal property, machinery, apparatus, and equipment owned and currently used in the operation, repair and maintenance of the Land and Improvements and situated thereon (collectively, the “Personal Property”); (iii) all of our rights under the contracts and agreements relating to the operation or maintenance of the Land, Improvements or Personal Property which extend beyond the closing date (the “Contracts”); and (iv) all of our rights in intangible assets of any nature relating to any or all of the Land, the Improvements and the Personal Property (the “Intangibles”; and together with the Ground Lease, Improvements and Personal Property, collectively, the “Property”). The purchase price was $8,500,000.

On May 31, 2024, in accordance with the terms of the Settlement Agreement entered into on May 17, 2024 with Woodforest in consideration of the payment in full of all Obligations (as such term is defined under the Credit Agreement (a) we paid to Woodforest (i) $8,500,000, which it received from the sale of the Property under the Purchase and Sale Agreement, and (ii) approximately $915,000 from restricted cash which had previously been held by Woodforest, and (b) we issued a Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase 1,560,570 shares of its common stock to Woodforest. The Pre-Funded Warrant expires upon full exercise thereof and is exercisable at a nominal exercise price equal to $0.0001 per share.

Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Credit Agreement, the Guaranty dated November 1, 2021 and the other Loan Documents (as defined in the Credit Agreement) were terminated and Woodforest released us from any and all claims, debts, liabilities or causes of action it may have against them prior to May 31, 2024, and we released Woodforest and its related parties from any and all claims, debts, liabilities or causes of action it may have against them prior to May 31, 2024.

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Results of Operations

Revenue

Revenue from the CDMO operations is now included in discontinued operations and not broken out separately on the financial statements. Our ongoing business is primarily focused on i) development of our pipeline for which we do not expect revenue for many years, if at all, and ii) on our AI-driven discovery platform for which to date we have not generated any material revenue. We may have revenue with the AI-driven discovery platform in the future. During the year ended June 30, 2024, we reported revenue in the amount of $0.2 million related to research activities performed and license fees. During the year ended June 30, 2023 we reported no revenue.

Research and Development Expenses (“R&D”)

R&D expenses for 2024 and 2023 were approximately $5.2 million and $10.3 million, respectively, a decrease of approximately ($5.1) million or approximately (50)%. The decrease is primarily related to reduced spend on consulting and contracted services ($2.3) million, decreased spend on consumable supplies ($1.7) million, and a reduction in personnel costs ($1.5) million, all driven by the re-prioritization of pipeline projects and reorganization of the research and development team. This decrease was partially offset by an increase of depreciation of ($0.2) million due to the San Diego assets being in service for a full year.

R&D expenses relating to CDMO operations are captured separately under discontinued operations.

General and Administrative Expenses (“G&A”)

G&A expenses for fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $11.7 million and $19.0 million, respectively, a decrease of ($7.3) million or (39)%. The decrease is primarily attributable to a reduction in personnel costs of ($5.2) million due to the transformation of the Company into an antibody discovery and development company announced in November 2022, profession/consulting fees and outside services of ($1.0) million, an in tangible asset impairment charge that did not reoccur in fiscal year 2024 ($0.6) million, lower insurance premiums due to negotiated rates ($0.5) million and lower IT related spend ($0.2) million. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in legal costs ($0.3) million mainly driven by capital fundraising efforts.

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G&A expenses relating to CDMO operations are captured separately under discontinued operations.

Total Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses, consisting primarily of R&D and G&A expenses, for fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 were approximately $16.9 million, compared to approximately $29.3 million for fiscal year ended June 30, 2023.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $1.2 million and $0.03 million, an increase of approximately $1.2 million. The increase is mainly attributable to the sale of an intangible asset and an increase in interest income, partially offset by interest expenses.

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Net Loss from Continuing Operations

Net loss from continuing operations for fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 was ($15.4) million, or ($4.03) per share, compared to approximately ($29.3) million, or ($47.88) per share, in 2023.

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Net Loss from Discontinued Operations

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On November 2, 2022, we announced our plans to divest our contract development and manufacturing organization (iBio CDMO) in order to complete our transformation into an AI-driven, precision antibody drug discovery and development company. In conjunction with the restructuring, we completed a workforce reduction of approximately 60% and discontinued the CDMO operations. CDMO operations are reported as discontinued operations on our financial statements. Losses for Discontinued Operations for 2024 and 2023 were approximately ($9.5) million and ($35.7) million, respectively, a decrease of ($26.2) million, or 73%. This decrease was primarily due to ($14.8) million less impairments of fixed assets, lower personnel related charges of ($7.6) million including severance, benefits and the acceleration of stock compensation awards, a ($4.9) million impairment of consumables inventory that did not reoccur in fiscal year 2024, and approximately ($4.3) million lower site related costs. This decrease was offset by the $4.8 million loss on sale of the Facility, an approximate $0.8 million gain on sale of equipment that did not reoccur in fiscal year 2024, approximately $0.3 million of revenue that did not reoccur in fiscal year 2024 and an increase of approximately $0.2 million of interest expense.

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Net Loss Available to iBio, Inc. Stockholders

Net loss available to iBio, Inc. stockholders from both continuing and discontinued operations for fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 was approximately ($24.9) million, or ($6.50) per share, compared to approximately ($65.0) million, or ($106.19) per share, in fiscal year ended June 30, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The history of significant losses, the negative cash flow from operations, the limited cash resources on hand and the dependence by the Company on its ability to obtain additional financing to fund its operations after the current cash resources are exhausted raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Our management concluded that our recurring losses from operations and the fact that we have not generated significant revenue or positive cash flows from operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the next 12 months from the date of filing this Annual Report for the year ended June 30, 2024.  Our auditors also included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended June 30, 2024 with respect to this uncertainty.

In an effort to mitigate the substantial doubt about continuing as a going concern and increase cash reserves, we consummated the sale of our Facility, reduced our work force, signed a collaboration with AstralBio with to discover and develop novel antibodies for obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases, entered into a securities purchase agreement for a PIPE financing resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $15.0 million.  Potential options being considered to further increase liquidity, focusing product development on a select number of product candidates, the sale or out-licensing of certain product candidates, raising money from the capital markets, grant revenue or collaborations, or a combination thereof. However, we anticipate that our expenses will increase as we continue our research and development activities and conduct clinical trials.

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Facility Purchase from Eastern Capital Limited

On November 1, 2021, we purchased the Facility previously operated under a lease from two affiliates of Eastern Affiliates. We also acquired the approximate 30% equity interest (after conversion) in iBio CDMO held by the Eastern Affiliates, who became the lessee under the ground lease agreement with the Board of Regents of the Texas A&M University System (the “Ground Lease Agreement”) for the land upon which the Facility is located and terminated the Sublease iBio had entered into with the Eastern Affiliates. As a result, iBio CDMO and its intellectual property are now wholly owned by iBio. The total purchase price for the Facility, the termination of the Sublease and other agreements among the parties, and the equity described below was $28,750,000, which was paid $28,000,000 in cash and by the issuance to Bryan Capital Investors LLC, an affiliate of the Eastern Affiliates a five-year warrant to purchase 2,579 shares of our Common Stock at an exercise price of $665 per share.

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In connection with the purchase of the Facility, iBio CDMO entered into the Credit Agreement with Woodforest pursuant to which Woodforest provided iBio CDMO a $22,375,000 Term Loan to purchase the Facility, which Term Loan was evidenced by the Term Note. The Term Loan originally bore interest at a rate of 3.25%, with higher interest rates upon an event of default, which interest was payable monthly beginning November 5, 2021. Principal on the Term Loan was originally payable on November 1, 2023, subject to early termination upon events of default. The Term Loan provided that it could be prepaid by iBio CDMO at any time and provided for mandatory prepayment upon certain circumstances. The Term Loan was secured by a lien on all of the assets of iBio CDMO and we guaranteed payments of the obligations owed under the Term Loan. Various provisions of the Credit Agreement were amended subsequent to the effective date of the Credit Agreement. For a summary of such amendments, please refer to Item 1. Business under the heading “Facility Purchase from Eastern Capital Limited.”

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On May 31, 2024, pursuant to the Purchase and Sale Agreement iBio CDMO terminated the Ground Lease Agreement, related to the Land and completed the sale to The Board of Regents of: (i) the Improvements; (iii) all iBio CDMO’s right, title, and interest in and to the Personal Property; (iii) all iBio CDMO’s rights under the Contracts; and (iv) all iBio CDMO’s rights in the Intangibles and the Property. The purchase price was $8,500,000.

On May 31, 2024, in accordance with the terms of the Settlement Agreement entered into on May 17, 2024 with Woodforest in consideration of the payment in full of all Obligations (as such term was defined under the Credit Agreement (a) iBio CDMO paid to Woodforest (i) $8,500,000, which it received from the sale of the Property under the Purchase and Sale Agreement, and (ii) approximately $915,000 from restricted cash which had previously been held by Woodforest, and (b) the Company issued a Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase 1,560,570 shares of its common stock to Woodforest. The Pre-Funded Warrant expires upon full exercise thereof and is exercisable at a nominal exercise price equal to $0.0001 per share.

Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Credit Agreement, the Guaranty dated November 1, 2021 and the other Loan Documents (as defined in the Credit Agreement) were terminated and Woodforest released the Company and iBio CDMO from any and all claims, debts, liabilities or causes of action it may have against them prior to May 31, 2024, and the Company and iBio CDMO released Woodforest and its related parties from any and all claims, debts, liabilities or causes of action it may have against them prior to May 31, 2024.

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Cantor Fitzgerald Underwriting

On November 25, 2020, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (“Cantor Fitzgerald”) to sell shares of Common Stock, from time to time, through an “at the market offering” program having an aggregate offering price of up to $100,000,000 through which Cantor Fitzgerald would act as sales agent. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, Cantor Fitzgerald sold as sales agent pursuant to the Sales Agreement 170,989 shares of Common Stock. We received net proceeds of approximately $1.7 million.

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In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, Cantor Fitzgerald sold as sales agent pursuant to the Sales Agreement 289,144 shares of Common Stock. We received net proceeds of approximately $6.4 million during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 and held a subscription receivable for $204,000 at June 30, 2023 for proceeds received on July 6, 2023.

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Wainwright Underwriting

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On December 6, 2022, we entered into an underwriting agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), pursuant to which we agreed to sell to Wainwright, in a firm commitment underwritten offering (the “Offering”) (i) 76,538 shares of Common Stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants (the “2022 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 91,730 shares of Common Stock, (iii) Series A Common Stock purchase warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to 168,267 shares of Common Stock and (iv) Series B Common Stock purchase warrants (the “Series B Warrants” and together with the Series A Warrants, the “2022 Warrants”) to purchase up to 168,267 shares of Common Stock.  The offering closed on December 9, 2022.  

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Wainwright acted as the sole book-running manager for the Offering. We paid Wainwright an underwriting discount equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds of the offering, and reimbursed Wainwright for the legal fees and certain expenses. Pursuant

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