21.    Income Taxes

The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes consist of the following (in thousands):

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The Company has deferred income taxes due to income tax credits, net operating loss carryforwards, and the effect of temporary differences between the carrying values of certain assets and liabilities for financial reporting and income tax purposes.

The components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

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The Company has a valuation allowance against the full amount of its net deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of realization of the deferred tax assets due to the operating loss history of the Company. The Company currently provides a valuation allowance against deferred taxes when it is more likely than not that some portion, or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance could be reduced or eliminated based on future earnings and future estimates of taxable income. With a full valuation allowance, any change in the deferred tax asset or liability is fully offset by a corresponding change in the valuation allowance. At June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company provided a valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets of $54,850,000 and $49,555,000, respectively.

Federal net operating losses of approximately $5.5 million were used by the Former Parent prior to June 30, 2008 and are not available to the Company. The Former Parent allocated the use of the Federal net operating losses available for use on its consolidated Federal tax return on a pro rata basis based on all of the available net operating losses from all the entities included in its control group.

U.S. federal net operating losses of approximately $229.5 million are available to the Company as of June 30, 2024, of which $64 million will expire at various dates through 2039 and $165.5 million with no expiration date. These carryforwards could be subject to certain limitations in the event there is a change in control of the Company pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 382, though the Company has not performed a study to determine if the loss carryforwards are subject to these Section 382 limitations. The Company has a research and development credit carryforward of approximately $1.76 million at June 30, 2023. In addition, the Company has net operating loss carry forwards from various states of approximately $46.7 million which expire from 2029 through 2043.

A reconciliation of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows:

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The Company has not been audited in connection with income taxes. iBio files federal and state income tax returns subject to varying statutes of limitations. The 2020 through 2023 tax returns generally remain open to examination by federal authorities and by state tax authorities.

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The Company believes it is not subject to any tax audit risk beyond those periods. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The Company does not have any accrued interest or penalties associated with any unrecognized tax benefits, nor was any interest expense incurred during the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes a stock buyback excise tax of 1% on share repurchases, which applies to net stock buybacks after December 31, 2022. The Company does not expect this to have a material impact if and when share repurchases occur.