15.    Income Taxes

The components of net loss consist of the following (in thousands):

 

 

The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes consist of the following (in thousands):

 

 

The Company has deferred income taxes due to income tax credits, net operating loss carryforwards, and the effect of temporary differences between the carrying values of certain assets and liabilities for financial reporting and income tax purposes.

The components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

 

 

The Company has a valuation allowance against the full amount of its net deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of realization of the deferred tax assets due to operating loss history of the Company. The Company currently provides a valuation allowance against deferred taxes when it is more likely than not that some portion, or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance could be reduced or eliminated based on future earnings and future estimates of taxable income.

Federal net operating losses of approximately $5.5 million were used by the Former Parent prior to June 30, 2008 and are not available to the Company. The Former Parent allocated the use of the Federal net operating losses available for use on its consolidated Federal tax return on a pro rata basis based on all of the available net operating losses from all the entities included in its control group.

U.S. Federal and state net operating losses of approximately $87.7 million and $50.5 million, respectively, are available to the Company as of June 30, 2019 and will expire at various dates through 2038. These carryforwards could be subject to certain limitations in the event there is a change in control of the Company pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 382, though the Company has not performed a study to determine if the loss carryforwards are subject to these Section 382 limitations. The Company has a research and development credit carryforward of approximately $1.5 million at June 30, 2019. In addition, the Company has foreign net operating losses totaling approximately $128,000 with no expiration date.

A reconciliation of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows:

 

 

The Company has not been audited in connection with income taxes. iBio files U.S. Federal and state income tax returns subject to varying statutes of limitations. The 2015 through 2018 tax returns generally remain open to examination by U.S. Federal authorities and by state tax authorities. In addition, the 2016 through 2019 Brazilian federal tax returns remain open to examination by Brazil’s federal tax authorities.

 

In December 2017, the United States Government passed new tax legislation that, among other provisions, lowers the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. In addition to applying the new lower corporate tax rate in 2018 and thereafter to any taxable income the Company may have, the legislation affects the way the Company can use and carryforward net operating losses previously accumulated and results in a revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities recorded on the Company's balance sheet. Given that current deferred tax assets are offset by a full valuation allowance, these changes will have no net impact on the balance sheet. However, when we become profitable, we will receive a reduced benefit from such deferred tax assets. The effect of the legislation resulted in a reduction in deferred tax assets and the corresponding valuation allowance of approximately $9.1 million in Fiscal 2018.